The Development of Populism in Argentina and Peru during the 20th Century

The paper will study populism as political movement widely used in the countries of Latin America throughout the twentieth century. The methods applied and the progress of populism will be investigated on the basis of political history of two countries: Argentina and Peru. In order to fulfil thorough examination, the paper will narrate the main narrate the main aspects of populism and then compare and contrast its Argentinean and Peruvian versions. Finally, all the findings of the paper will be summarized and analyzed in the conclusion.The term â€Å"populism† was used to describe the politicians who claimed that they represent the interests of â€Å"common people† as different from those of the powerful or rich.[1] Populist movements were not class-based. Though ideologically they were incoherent, they tried to be inclusive. The leaders were mainly charismatic and personalistic. The style of the leadership was demonstratively nationalistic, which meant that it was base d either on native traditions or pseudo traditions of the country.As a rule, populists evinced their deep concern for social justice, reform, betterment of the working class, and removing marginalization by integration of impoverished people into society. The class conflict was portrayed as alien. The core of populists’ promises was making necessary changes without altering the basic nature of society. Populist parties claimed that they knew all the answers for national problems and those who opposed them were not true patriots of their nation. Populists usually sought alliance with unions and tended to build a centralized state where power was concentrated in the hands of the president.According to Joel Horowitz, populism dominated in political history of Argentina.[2] Due to populism modern Argentina has unbridgeable schisms in its today's society, rhetoric and style of its politics. While the process of development, involved major sectors of society and attracted the suppo rt of masses of Argentineans. Populists called themselves the savours of the nation and the opponents of populism were defined as enemies of the people. In this way, â€Å"politics revolved around movements that won strong allegiances but excluded their enemies.†[3] It caused a range of military takeovers, with the subsequent massive violence, where both military and civilians were involved.The early stages of modern political system of Argentina and the first attempts to implement populist policy can be traced from 1980, when the Radical Party made and attempt to overthrow the government. Though this attempt failed, the radicals (Unià ³n Cà ­vica Radical) demonstrated their opposition to the existing political system and called for fair elections. It constituted a serious threat of revolution in Argentina because the party was supported by the middle class of society.   However, many of the leaders of the radicals were from elite. The Radical leaders appealed directly to the working class of Argentina.Hipà ³lito Yrigoyen ( 1852-1933), a son of a woman from the elite and a Basque blacksmith, became the first prominent politician who started his career as a leader of the radicals and obtained popularity by using the methods of populism. He created the mechanism of a modern political party and easily outmaneuvered his rivals. He made himself a symbol of the radical party, represented its hopes and developed his leadership into a whole cult of his personality.However, Yrigoyen did not use the methods that characterize a conduct of a modern populist. He infrequently gave speech and rarely appeared in public. Hipà ³lito Yrigoyen wrote very little ‘for popular consumption’ and his written works were difficult to understand. Yrigoyen’s utterances contained insufficient political philosophy. Also, after becoming a president, Yrigoyen did not show a particular interest in any political program, instead, he seemed to be interested in pow er itself and its expansion. In addition, Hipà ³lito Yrigoyen did not campaign using oratory of most populists or the flamboyant gestures. The strong points of his authorship were based on creating jobs and dispensing patronage.Even from its early stages of development populism in Argentina relied on police and police chefs in particular. Under the presidency of Hipà ³lito Yrigoyen, Buenos Aires chiefs of police functioned as key operatives and settled labor conflicts. The importance of police can be brightly illustrated using the example of Elpidio Gonzà ¡lez’s career path. Gonzà ¡lez attempted to achieve the position of vice president, and minister of interior by gradually moving from minister of war, to the level of candidate for governor of Cà ³rdoba, one of the most importance provinces, and then to police chief in Buenos Aires. Thus, under the policy of populism, â€Å"A good police chief was a man for all seasons.†[4]The early populist Hipà ³lito Yrigoyen appealed to new groups of society and promised changes without altering social underlying nature. Yrigoyen was a marginal member of oligarchy and rural elite. As a result, while speaking on class conflict, he continuously attacked the ill-defined rural-based elite and the oligarchy, which attracted support middle and working classes of the country. Also, Hipà ³lito Yrigoyen popularity among common people was strengthened when he started to treat people with low income as the true members of society. Later, in the 1940s, this approach was used by another charismatic populist leader- Juan Perà ³n.Some populist gestures of Hipà ³lito Yrigoyen were too obvious. Thus, in 1917 when workers went on strike at a meatpacking plant, he refused to give an interview to the leaders of the cattlemen's association Sociedad Rural, which was considered to be most important social and economic group in Argentina. Such an attitude was noticed by the newspapers, and soon one of the chief national new spapers publicized an article were it emphasized that the leaders of the cattlemen's association were received not with the same attention as the striking workers of the plant.[5]While his presidential campaign, Hipà ³lito Yrigoyen turned to the native-born working class which was rapidly growing at that time. Yrigoyen understood that the working class of Argentina could be a huge potential source of voters. This became possible due to influential ideology of Syndicalism. In 1910 Syndicalism turned into a vigorous labor movement that disdained bourgeois and proclaimed revolution through a general strike. Hipà ³lito Yrigoyen was willing to ally with Syndicalists because they did not have other political ties and would block the growth of Yrigoyen’s serious rival – the Socialist party.The government of Hipà ³lito Yrigoyen did not interfere with the activity of Argentinean Syndicalism and, moreover, made steps to satisfy demands of strikers, for example, to improve the ir conditions, to employers to accept the role the unions in hiring workers. Of course, later the role of Yrigoyen in settling early strikes was stressed by his publicity during the 1927-28 presidential campaign.In 1930 the most celebrated wave of populism flooded Argentina. Argentinean government that ruled from the period of 1932-1943 mainly belonged to neoconservatives, who included the members of traditional landed elite and tried to keep up a pretense of democracy. The exigencies of the Great Depression forced the implementation of the policy of import substitution industrialization that prompted rapid expansion of Argentinean urban working class. From 1932 to 1943 quick urbanization and industrialization in Argentina alienated the expanded already working class from the rest of society, and this process prepared the ground for the social crisis. The military takeover changed the situation radically by giving the power to the military group and their leader Col. Juan Domingo Pe rà ³n ( 1891-1974).Col. Juan Domingo Perà ³n became the next major populist leader in Argentina. According to the article Populism and Its Legacies in Argentina authored by Joel Horowitz, Peron can be described as â€Å"a tall, commanding figure and a powerful speaker, had the ability to charm people and win them to his side. He was one of those rare politicians imbued with genuine charisma.†[6] He, like his predecessor Hipà ³lito Yrigoyen, also turned to working class, though strengthened his power with the help of the army. In late 1943 Perà ³n was appointed to occupy the position of vice president and minister of war. In October Perà ³n already became head of the National Department of Labor, which served as a platform the implementation of his approaches to labor, setting contacts with unions and winning over the hearts and minds the working class of Argentina.The policy of Col. Juan Domingo Perà ³n had two directions: first, Perà ³n favored and assisted many units to accomplish the major part of their long-sought goals; second, he started repression against uncooperative organizations. As a result of a pro-labor direction, the government enforced labor laws, such important ones as making contracts with workers, for the first time in the history of Argentina. It balanced the powers of capital and labor in the country, increased wages and improved the organization of unions.On the other hand, Peron fought his rivals by using repression, which made his regime completely authoritarian. The leaders of Socialists and Communists had to live under the constant threat of being arrested. In order to survive, other political forces, for example, the Communist Party, had to go underground. The rivalry with Communist unions was supported by the government, which also prohibited cooperation with them. As a result, such important unions as textiles, meatpacking, and the metal trades were destroyed.Peron personally appealed to unions. His charisma always he lped his to achieve a desired effect. Peron stressed the importance of the unions while speaking to them: â€Å"I come to the house of the railroaders as if it were my own. I profess a profound gratitude to them, because I am convinced that many of the successes of the Secretariat . . . are due precisely to the railroad workers.†[7] In his speech, Peron presented himself as one of the workers, as their equal, and frequently emphasized how he cared about them. This approach was successful, since workers had been socially and politically isolated by the previous regime.Still, according to Horowitz, Peron ca not be viewed as a dictator. He was truly a populist, and the methods of repression can be explained by his desire to expand his bases of support.[8] An important reason of why Peron achieved enormous popularity in his country, as Horowitz states, was the fast economic growth. It was estimated that during the first years of Peron’s presidency, hourly wages grew 25 per cent more, and in 1947 increased almost at the same rate. The percentage of national income that was going to workers also went up 25 percent. However, some sectors, for example, agriculture, did not benefit from the populism of Peron. Agriculture was squeezed for the sake of the urban sectors, the economy of which showed the highest rates of growth in 1946 and 1947. Nevertheless, in 1948 the economy of Argentina started to deteriorate.Peron’s populism improved political and social status of women in the country. In 1947 women of Argentina received the right to vote due to the activity of Peron’s wife – Evita. Evita initiated the campaign for women's suffrage. She also created a separate Peronist woman's party in Argentina, the leader of which she soon became. Women’s branches stretched across and soon captured the whole country. This was one more factor that encouraged popularization of Peron in Argentina, for â€Å"When Perà ³n ran for reelection in 1 951, he received a much higher percentage of votes from women than from men.†[9]Among other things, populism in Argentina was established on media. Peron managed to set a cultural hegemony that revised Argentina's vision of itself. Bearing in mind political influence of media, cultural hegemony was highly important although very difficult, since the movement of populism did not have any consistent ideology. Rituals were reformed and gained a â€Å"Peronized† meaning, for example, the celebration of May Day became an important national holiday to emphasize the benefits of hard labor and the role of the working class. Generally, all the holidays were invented to provide the idea of harmony and prosperity that existed under Perà ³n. School curricula focused on Catholic values. Many provinces and cities in Argentina were named after Perà ³n. Monuments to the charismatic leader were erected all over the country.Like in Argentina in 1930, the need to install a new regime in Peru was evoked by the situation brightly characterized by Steve Stein in The Paths to populism in Peru: â€Å"The old regime could no longer respond to the powerful social and economic changes brought on by urbanization after World War I. This was especially true in and around the capital of Lima. The old political elite was morally and politically bankrupt.†[10] But unlike the movement in Argentina, populism of the thirties in Peru consisted of two competing with each other populist movements: the party of Luis M. Sà ¡nchez Cerro and Và ­ctor Raà ºl Haya de la Torre who was the leader of the APRA party.The period of the thirties was marked in Peru with significant growth of the working classes political activity. This situation differs from that of Argentina. Though the working class of Argentina also increased in number in the same period, it suffered greatly from political and social isolation. The working classes of Peru were more active: â€Å"working-class mobs st aged demonstrations and rioting that destroyed his residence and those of some prominent supporters. During subsequent months the working classes dominated the urban political scene.†[11] Also, unlike the experience of populism in Argentina, Peru’s first notable steps in this policy and the first prominent populist leaders appeared only in 1930, which was much later than in Argentina.Like the political situation of Argentina in 1930, populism of Peru came to power due to political crisis. However, the crisis of Peru was much deeper, that even the further existence of the nation was doubted. One of Peruvian generals described the climate of despair and fear that intensified with the fall of Repà ºblica Aristocrà ¡tica: â€Å"Although it is painful for us to confirm it, unfortunately it appears as if a streak of ignorance, of madness, has invaded us, wresting from us our most innermost feelings of nationality.†[12] Conservative politician Và ­ctor Andrà ©s Bela à ºnde deplored that â€Å"the very bases of civilized life threaten to disappear.†[13] All these words referred to crisis, collapse and the following political vacuum, which occurred due to the fall of the elite-controlled political system of Repà ºblica Aristocrà ¡tica that had been in power since 1895.The two populist movements Sà ¡nchezcerrismo and Aprismo (APRA) were headed by Sà ¡nchez Cerro and Haya de la Torre and came to Peruvian government through elections in 1931, which was a more civilized way in comparison with that of Peron’s. Mainly, the movements did not differ from each other. They both were vertical, patrimonial, with the relationships which were built on loyalty between leaders and their followers. The members of the parties were accepted from all the levels of society, which also contrasts with an anti-bourgeoisie, anti-elite and anti-oligarchic character of Argentinean populism.However, unlike that of Sà ¡nchezcerrismo, the vertical structur e of ARPA was based on strong ties between some social groups: the head of the party and unions, professional or employee associations. The leader of Sà ¡nchezcerrismo, Sà ¡nchez Cerro, on the other hand, tried to avoid any references to recognized social l or occupation categories, stressing on principle of one-to-one commitment to each member of the party.Sà ¡nchez Cerro, like Peron, also understood the importance of the working class and tried to take a pretense of friendship with common people. Luis M. Sà ¡nchez Cerro used his ethnic identity of a dark-skinned mestizo to show that he had common origins with masses. Since historically racism had a strong impact on political, social, and economic relations in Peru, Cerro’s image of the racial outsider became a powerful tool for gaining more support of the working-class. One of Cerro’s working-class followers once said: â€Å"He was of our race, and because of that all us working people supported him.†[14]T he image of the cholo candidate brought another advantage to Sà ¡nchez Cerro. The masses’ identification with the friend of common people became persuasive for the theme of his campaign: everyone could approach Cerro and personally ask to help or to do an individual favor. As a result, poor voters and supporters flooded Sà ¡nchez Cerro’s campaign headquarters. The availability of Sà ¡nchez created the notion that he was generous and willing to help everybody. Cerro patted his poor supplicants on the back, sometimes gave them money from the pocket or an article of clothing. Cerro spoke to his followers in simple language and used familiar forms ‘tu†, saying: Toma hijo, toma hija. Hijito, hijita, sà ­, ya vamos a ver † (Take this son, take that daughter. My little son, my little daughter, yes, we'll look into that).[15]At the same time, Haya de la Torre adopted the role of â€Å"the father of the workers.† When the campaign for the 1931 elect ion started, la Torre became known as the father of APRA. As a result, his children were growing in numbers, as Stain put it, â€Å"far beyond a small group of union leaders, and high stakes were to be won in the election.†[16] The image of father taken by la Torre matched his contagious smile, personal warmth, and generally pleasing disposition. During his person-to-person conversations Haya revolved around daily problems of his voters, and always showed his sympathetic understanding and his readiness to help with pertinent advice.Even the enemies of Haya de la Torre could not help but envy Haya’s skills of physical expression. Eudocio Ravines, leader of communists once remarked: â€Å"He possessed an ingenious and friendly loquacity that gave people the physical sensation of being loved, set apart individually from among the rest. He was acute at discovering and focusing on the immediate and small problems of the people and treating them with a captivating friendlin ess, verbally showing interest in them.†[17]In 1930-1931 real or imagined access to the populist leaders in Peru attracted poor people to them who sought protection of the politicians from adversary and crisis. The Great Depression became such a crisis that worsened the condition of the poor. On the background of the deepening impoverishment of the workers, populist leaders Sà ¡nchez Cerro and Haya de la Torre were seen as generous figures who could help and protect them. So, as historians concluded, â€Å"far from radicalizing the Peruvian working classes, the depression drew them toward populist alternatives as the most faithful political embodiment of patrimonial social relations.†[18]After the military had cut short the populism of Haya de la Torre and Sà ¡nchez Cerro by suppressing their movements, the overtones of populism were present in later campaigns and political movements. The next eight years were governed by Odrà ­a, whose political style strongly resem bled that of Sà ¡nchez Cerro. Odria concentrated his attention on the rural poor that streamed into the capital in order to find jobs and charity. The president decided to develop a chain of ‘political charities’ to become popular among the impoverished people of the city. President’s wife Marà ­a Delgado de Odrà ­a frequently but very effectively paid visits to the slums, gifting poor with money and food, which soon was highly publicized. However, Marà ­a’s actions were disdained by the elite who claimed that they were just blatant imitations of Eva Perà ³n.Odria showed paternalistic approach in his policy when he ordered legalization and formation of squatter settlements of the growing lower-class population in Lima. Consequently, an impressive number of popular masses paid homage to president and his wife. The largest plazas of Lima became the places of pro-government demonstrations. In this case the respect the poor can be regarded as their paybac k the man who understood and treated benevolently their needs. This positively characterizes populism both in Argentina and Peru, because, in spite of the fact that the initial reasons of the politicians were quite pragmatic, the disadvantaged and the most impoverished of the country received warmth and saw the kindness which, probably, gave them hope for better life.The next populist in Peru Belaà ºnde evidenced his friendship with nation through the foundation of the National Front of Democratic Youth (FNJD). The supporters of Belaà ºnde, unlike the campaigns of the previous politicians who turned to lower circles of society, were among professionals students, and intellectuals. In addition, the hallmark of Belaà ºnde was dramatic symbolism, used in word and in action. Once, when the demonstration in his support was met by the police, ready to disperse the participants, he bravely tried to withstand the armed forces. Later it matched the symbolism of Belaà ºnde’s first message during the campaign in 1956: â€Å"Youth! That is the battle cry of the political campaign I have been invited to embark upon. . . . If I am needed in the moment of conflict, they will find me at their side, sharing their fervor and living their hopes with them.†[19]Nevertheless, when Belaà ºnde won the elections, his government showed reluctance to fulfill rhetoric and high-flown promises. For example, Belaà ºnde declared that all the lands would be affected by the new agrarian reform project. Instead, he exempted properties needed to make ‘industrial transformation of agricultural products.’ It resulted into the situation when all the valuable and significant land such as coastal sugar or cotton plantations was not available for the purposes of the redistribution program. Ultimately, the gap between words and actions disillusioned the masses and led to the failure of his populist policy. In 1969 Belaà ºnde was overthrown by military forces and the ne w Revolutionary government was installed in Peru.In general, paternalism and comforting of populist political leaders have always worked like societal narcotic in Argentina and Peru. Quite a paradoxical situation could be observed when the poor and desperate continue to vote for populist leaders whose democratic credentials are suspect. Later the populist policies of these leaders will hurt the very groups that vaulted them into office.   In Peru Alan Garcà ­a who wonderfully articulated his nationalist and anti-imperialist views caused the crisis of Peru’s economy. During Garcia’s five years of presidency from 1985-1990, Peru’s economy achieved the highest inflation levels of the history of the country. Due to the policy of Garcia, millions of Peruvians were impoverished; millions moved from poverty into extreme level of poverty. Thus, populism of Alan Garcà ­a promised Peru greatness but in reality ran the country into poverty, high inflation and even more misery.A key legacy of populism was in leadership style. The leader, irrespective whether he was in power or stayed abroad in exile, dominated his party. There could be internal struggles or conflicts within the party, but once they were settled by the leader, this became an unchangeable rule for the rest of the members. For example, in Peronist Party the role of caudillo was played by two men: Juan Perà ³n and Carlos Menem. Within the Radical Party, on the other hand, every leader retained his style and continued to dominate even when his popularity faded. Thus, the authority and strong positions were preserved by the following members of the Radical party: Hipà ³lito Yrigoyen, Marcelo T. de Alvear, Ricardo Balbà ­n and Raà ºl Alfonsà ­n. Even when the parties modernized their politics and adopted such attributes as conventions, the domination of their strong-willed leaders continued.The common tendency that populist leaders relied on support of army inevitably led to the exp ansion of the political role of the military in Peru to a higher rate than in Argentina. As it has been already shown in the paper, Peruvian armed forces were involved in most of political conflicts, which evidenced the removal of the army from its normal professional responsibilities. This tendency was not abandoned by neo populists, for instance, Fujimori used military support in his presidential coup to ensure success of it. In addition, Fujimori’s shadowy intelligence advisor implemented his considerable behind-the-scenes power while the presidential campaign. Thus, populism prompted the process of politicization of army. Dr. Kenneth Roberts in his work Populism and Democracy in Latin America pointed out that â€Å"A politicized military is necessarily a political actor that will be sought out by potential civilian allies and tempted to intervene on behalf of its own institutional or political interests.†[20]Thus, the main points of development of populism in Argen tina and Peru can be summed up, compared and contrasted in the following way:1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Populism was first used as a policy to gain support in Argentina.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Populism has been bipartisan.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Populism has existed in both democratic and undemocratic regimes. In the case of Argentina the ruling of Juan Peron in the mid of twentieth century was undemocratic, while Peru’s leader Alan Garcia in the 1980s attempted to carry out populist policy together with the democracy4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Commonly, populism was implemented by ambitious leaders to succeed in their political careers.5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In both Argentina and Peru populism was successfully carried out by charismatic individuals who managed to appeal directly to the mass groups, for example, labor unions, the poor, and mobilize their political participation.6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In both the countries the leaders who started the policy of populism promised to defend the interests of the â€Å"common people† by giving them jobs. In return, the masses support the leaders with their votes and social mobilization. In other words, promises, rhetoric comfort and pompous words are the tools of populists for capturing trust and votes of the masses. As Josà © Marà ­a Velasco Ibarra, the Ecuadorian populist put it: â€Å"Give me a balcony and the people are mine.†[21] As a rule, lofty promises of populism rarely come true, hurting by this most of the people that it claimed to represent.7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Political careers of individual leaders built on populism always progress at the expense of economic growth of the country. Political leaders while fulfilling their lofty promised services roughly intrude into economic processes by implementing for example, expansionary monetary or fiscal policies, to produce an â€Å"economic miracle† for a short period of time. Ultimately, artificially created fast progress and breaking basi c economic principles and laws lead to economic collapse. Thus, the ambitions of populists always rebuff the well known truth that â€Å"there is no free lunch.†8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, it would be wrong to conclude that populist governments always failed to manage economics. In the 1990s Argentine president Carlos Menem’s attempted to create a free market â€Å"miracle† that totally eliminated the hyperinflation in the country’s for a short period of time. But Carlos Menem’s â€Å"miracle† was grounded on the unsustainable accumulation of public debt, which in 2001 sent Argentina’s economy into a new depression.9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In both Argentina and Peru military forces were involved into political conflicts, but Peruvian populism caused politicization of army.10.   Peron in Argentina was the first to use media as one more force of propaganda of populist ideology.11.   Methods and political styles of leader ship varied in Argentina and Peru and improved with the progress of the movement. However, Argentinean Hipà ³lito Yrigoyen built the mechanism of populism at the beginning of the century. Also, some gestures and approaches used in one country were repeated or imitated in the other, for example, the charity of Evita and Marà ­a Delgado de Odrà ­a, ect.Bibliography:1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Auguero, Felipe and Jeffrey Stark, eds. 1998. Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America (Miami:University of Miami North-South Center Press).2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bamrud J. Contesting the ‘Washington Consensus’. The Latin Business Chronicle. Worldpress.org. February 25, 2002   http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/379.cfm (26 Nov 2005)3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and Enzo Faletto. 1979. Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley:University of California Press.4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Carol Wise, Reinventing the State: Economic Strategy and Institutional Change in Peru, forthcoming. Chap.6   NEOLIBERALISM AND STATE RECONSTRUCTION 2001 (26 Nov 2005)5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chalmers, Douglas A., Scott B. 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Peronism without Perà ³n: Unions, Parties, and Democracy in Argentina (Stanford, Cal.:Stanford University Press).25.   Roberts K. Populism and Democracy in Latin Amer ica,World Politics 48, 1 (October): 82-116. p.16[1] Bamrud J. Contesting the ‘Washington Consensus’. The Latin Business Chronicle. Worldpress.org. February 25, 2002 < http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/379.cfm (26 Nov 2005) [2] Conniff Michael L., Populism in Latin America: Joel Horowitz, Populism and Its Legacies in Argentina, University of Alabama Press. Tuscaloosa, AL.: 1999., p. 22 [3] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p. 22 [4] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p. 25 [5] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p. 25 [6] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p. 29 [7] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p. 31 [8] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p. 34 [9] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p. 36 [10] Conniff Michael L., Populism in Latin America: Stein S. The Paths to Populism in Peru, University of Alabama Press. Tuscaloosa, AL.: 1999., p. 97 [11] Conniff    Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p.98 [12] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p.98 [13] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p.98 [14] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p.100 [15] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p.100 [16] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p.101 [17] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p.102 [18] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p.106 [19] Conniff   Michael L., Populism in Latin America, p.107 [20] Roberts K. Populism and Democracy in Latin America, p.16 [21] Crandall R. Latin America's Populist Temptation. In the national interest. The National Interest, The Nixon Center. (26 Nov 2005)

Banning of Books in the U.S. Essay

â€Å" And shall we just carelessly allow children to hear any casual tales which may be devised by casual persons, and to receive into their minds ideas for the most part the very opposite of those which we should wish them to have when they are grown up? We cannot. â€Å" ? Socrates – Banning of books is the most common form of censorship. There were 546 known attempts to remove books in 2006, and more than 9, 200 attempts since the American Library Association’s (ALA) Office for Intellectual Freedom began to electronically compile and publish information on book challenges in 1990. According to ALA , there are four motivating factors: family values, religion, political views, and minority rights. While there are many arguments against censorship, I feel that banning of books can be justifiable in some ways. For example, books with sexually explicit graphic contents should not be viewed by children of certain age. Book banning happens commonly at home and in schools. While anti-book banning advocates fight for the rights of the children to read, it is also the rights of the parents and teachers to guide children. While I do not favor banning books either, I feel that our system should be careful as to what books are exposed and at what age. The minds of children are very impressionable and susceptible to corruption. (Becket, 2006) Restrictions are not necessarily curtailment of rights . For example, cosmetics cannot be used by children. Reasons: first, it may be detrimental to the skin of children, second, cosmetics are not made for children. As cosmetics is to the skin, books is to the mind. Some books are not made for children and some books may be detrimental to the minds of children. These restrictions take into account that children are not yet mature and is still inexperienced to take complexity of some issues. It is the responsibility of the parents to guide children and this extends to guide their children in selecting a good reading material. Teachers, as second parents to children, also share the same responsibility. Parents should also be aware enough of what books to filter and not. If the parents feel that they are capable of making their children understand challenged books, then by all means, they can have those books on their shelves. While it is true that censorship hinders the flow of information and ideas, sometimes ideas should be filtered for innocent minds. Time will come when those minds will be matured enough to absorb what is really on the books their reading. Time will come when those minds will be having their own preferences of books to read. Time will come when those mind will be ready to be challenged †¦. just like those books. References: 1. â€Å" Treasure your Freedom to Read, Get Hooked on a Banned Book†. ala. org. 19 September 2007. < http://ala. org/ala/pressreleases2007/september2007/bbw07. cfm> 2. Kennedy, Elizabeth. â€Å"Banned Books: The Who and the Why†. about. com. 3. Beckett, S. â€Å"Book Ban List Shouldn’t Scare†. dailytexanonline. com 2 October 2006

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Science - Essay Example It is against this background that the central premise of this essay is focused on conducting an exhaustive critique into the relevance or otherwise of nationalist sentiments in our day and age. This question clearly emanates from the recent trends of highly charged tensions generated in the global political landscape due to nationalism. The debate is even made more complex by the fact that in one breadth whilst nationalism is cited as a justifiable intervention in a bid to consolidate an existing heritage in the next breadth all the blame for the internecine conflicts that have engulfed some parts of the world with deplorable impacts have heaped on the doorsteps of nationalist sentiments. Nationalism remains one of the greatest issues in international politics that does not have a simple, straightforward answer1. Suffice to cite a few instances to buttress the forgoing points. The state of Bangladesh was carved out of Pakistan, fuelled mainly by the strong nationalist elements of th e then Pakistani Bengali populace. In many respects the Bengali people shared common features with the mainland Pakistani people, with their Islamic religious creed serving as the most shining example. Yet nationalist yearning for sovereignty far exceeded the underlining factors-- a drive that eventually lead to the establishment of the independent state of Bangladesh. Irrespective of how this issue is looked at it served as a landmark victory for the Bengali nationalist. In sharp contrast, the same cannot be said about the Yugoslavian massacre that witnessed the mass killing of both ethnic Serbians and Albanians on a purely nationalist alter. Neither can the Nazi extremist execution of over six million Jews be used as a good example of the benefits of nationalist. To this end, the essay proceeds to pose prying questions as to what constitutes and when the middle line can be towed with regards to the question of nationalist sentiment. One truism is acknowledged in conducting this review. Nationalism is an inevitable human reality that can never be eliminated, whilst acknowledging this fact there is need to also state in terms of the need for complementary moderation to work within the framework of established state structures. To achieve the stated goals of this essay, there will be a conscientious attempt to conduct a theoretical assessment of all the contending issues on the nationalist debate as a way of orienting the reader before delving into the analytical scope of the essay. The essay extensively uses, historical and contemporary precedents to conduct a comparatively and inferential analysis that will eventually lead to a tentative conclusion to support the underlining thesis of the essay. Theoretical Basis There is a general consensus among anthropologists and sociologists that the human being has an inherent inclination to crave for affiliation with a recognized group within an environment that is socially supported2. Indeed, this serves as the graphic illustration of Aristotle's saying that man is a social animal. Group structures provide viable grounds for the provision of perceived or even real security besides the cardinal goal of presenting an identity. The group structure

Victims Rights and Vengeance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Victims Rights and Vengeance - Essay Example After the colonial and the revolutionary periods the focus on the criminal law shifted making every crime an individual committed as a social harm. In the year 1982 president Ronald Reagan’s task force on crime victims who were released in the final report that reiterated the concerns of victims of crime have been overlooked, where most of their pleas just passed unheeded and their personal, emotional, financial wounds unattended. This led to a recommendation of amendment to the US constitution which found support from victims’ rights organization. Additionally, the congress passed the first piece of federal crime victims’ rights legislation called the witness protection act. Nevertheless more need to be done as more victims of crime are left behind either due to fear of coming out for privacy sake or failure of their pleas to be attended to (Boland and Butler, 2009). In 2004, an important landmark called crime victim’s rights act was passed which provided crime victims with eight particular rights. Legal guidance and support together with future legal professional on issues related to victims’ rights have been taught by victims’ rights organisations at the ground level advocacy which has helped to cement more dependability of the system under criminal justice. More organisation are being formed which provide direct service to victims this calls for foe education and awareness campaigns. The Crime Victims Rights Act (CRVA) has helped much especially the federal criminal cases by providing a venue for victims to choose what they want to do after they become victims of a crime, where they may decide to, or not to consult with an attorney or protect themselves from the accused. When one has the right to do and act as they will it given them the freedom to life a personal life without being interrupted. No one is above the law. The law states that no one should take matters on his

Interview of Someone in the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interview of Someone in the Media - Essay Example Media was not a passion for Bob. He had in fact planned to be a doctor. During his final high school years however, he flanked some of the major subjects that made up his cluster to enter medical school in college. Surprisingly he is not sad about this anymore because he got to do journalism instead, and he likes it. Now, he is a 37 year old newspaper article writer. His articles mainly focus on current political issues, he analyses trends and predicts outcomes that may occur in relation to specific political changes. He is more of a critique than anything. He is required therefore, to base his articles more on disseminating facts from a personal point of view. The articles may range from focus on a specific politician, to general political policies. In his line of work he sometimes interviews political figures and offers critiques by other writers who do political based writings. When Bob is not writing articles he is dedicated to doing political research. Unlike his writing, his re search is international and pays focus to politics of foreign countries. He uses the findings from his research to contrast the situation back at home. He also volunteers to lecture on a few journalism courses in the local college. There are a number of things that Bob dislikes in his line of work Politics is a dirty game and by extension, politicians are dirty players. Journalism regulations require that a writer publish truths and facts and there are instances that he was pushed to not writing the truth. Another part of his job that is bitter sweet is when he is required to give his own two cents on a matter. Bob is keen to add that he does like giving his opinions which in most cases are very volatile but he is sometimes scared of the outcome. Much as he is committed to his work he hates the long hours he has to put in. Before he had kids he did not really mind but he is a family man and he believes that spending maximum, quality time with his children is important the sustainabi lity of their relationship. The best part of his job he says is the competition. In writing one has to be many steps ahead of his competitors or your columns will become irrelevant. You have to keep convincing your editor that your writing is worth a column or even a whole page by keeping readers hooked. Its all about who is getting the exclusive interview with what top notch political personality, who is giving the best and most quoted critique of the week. He is positive that if he had joined another career he would not have been as happy as he is now. He learns new things every single day of his life. He said and I quote â€Å"it’s like getting paid to have a fun†. His most interesting assignment was when he got to do an article on effects of early childhood on an adult’s character. It was interesting to him for various reasons. The first reason was because this was the first time he had done anything outside his comfort zone. Most of his work is based on pol itics and closely related issues. He claims that the thrill of doing something new was refreshing. The second reason he liked that particular job was because unlike politics getting information from the medical society was easier. All he needed were facts and testimonies from elite doctors who surprisingly were willing to meet him and offer all the information he needed despite their busy schedules. I however think that if Bob were to ask personal or controversial questions he wouldn’

Strategic Magagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Magagement - Essay Example The company that is going to be discussed is Apple—most notably because Apple just did appoint a new CEO. Steve Jobs is now no longer the CEO. Instead that post will be taken over by Tim Cook, who was second-in-command. This is the implementation plan for Apple that emphasizes each of the eight components of strategy execution, which will be described in depth herein. Apple’s strategic business unit (SBU) could probably be best defined by its various technologies (the MacBook, iPod, and iPhone)—so we will focus on those elements for right now in terms of what will work as a strategy versus what won’t. Every manager has an active role. Every manager at Apple will continue to have the most of the same levels of responsibility that he or she was managing before the change of the CEO. Some responsibilities, however, may shift in terms of what is expected of each manager. Some managers at the Apple Genius Bars, for example, may have to relinquish control to higher-ups, and also do some work of the incoming recruits—thus having to be more adaptable to any new company policy. There is no proven â€Å"formula† for implementing particular types of strategies. Apple does not claim to have any corner on the market when it comes to product development, per se; rather, Apple has an ingenuity that defies definition. To say that there is no proven formula for success is partially untrue. There are certain guidelines which help make sure that a product line will have success, and that is what will be discussed more in-depth in the next section. there are definitely guidelines within the Apple corporation about how to implement new business strategies. Apple culture dictates that, although there are set guidelines, but no one need be so strictly adherent about the policies that it overrides creativity within the corporation. There are usually several ways to proceed that are capable

Ethical reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical reflection - Essay Example For example, the case of physician-assisted suicide must be understood. Religious beliefs may go against this, but people must understand that sometimes it becomes crucial for the physicians to make the patient die with dignity and peace rather than leave him die in distress. People confuse negative rights with positive ones, as we see that the patient’s family insists upon occupying the waiting room on religious grounds. On the other hand, the importance of spiritual, religious and cultural beliefs can also not be denied, since these beliefs form the basis of a national or cultural identity which cannot be compromised upon. Hence, a middle path must be sorted out that satisfies both the medical considerations of the case and the spiritual/religious/cultural beliefs linked to it, just like Buryska (120) states, â€Å"The ethical principles that must be balanced are respect for autonomy (the wishes of the patient) and beneficence (the physician’s judgment of what is bes t for the

Critical Analysis on the Prevention of Tissue Breakdown on Grade 2 Essay

Critical Analysis on the Prevention of Tissue Breakdown on Grade 2 Pressure Ulcer at Sacral Area of Patient with Public Rami - Essay Example As a senior nurse, this incident was significant because it provided efficient cues on the management of pressure ulcers, including preventing infection, preventing its progression to higher pressure ulcer grades, as well as promoting efficient and speedy patient recovery. The main clinical issues which arose from the incident included the following: prevention of tissue breakdown of pressure ulcer, promoting mobility, and preventing infection. This study sought to establish how the author could make a difference or improve the care for the patient as a senior nurse in her department. Main Body The management for this patient included several nursing interventions. These interventions included the following: regular assessment of pressure ulcer and of other pressure points in the body, promoting early mobility at least every two hours, keeping the patient’s sacrum and back clean and dry at all times, regular cleaning of pressure ulcer, placing pressure-reducing overlays on mat tresses, chairs, and other surfaces used by patient (Bluestein and Javaheri, 2008). These interventions help promote wound healing as well as help prevent the progression of the pressure ulcer to higher grades (Bluestein and Javaheri, 2008). Pressure ulcers are one of the most difficult wounds to manage and heal. Once they manifest, they are often not responsive to antibiotic therapy (Paquay, et.al., 2010). Moreover, complete healing is not always possible. For those under long-term care, the degree of healing often depends on the primary stages of the pressure ulcer (Paquay, et.al., 2010). Where the initial stages are managed well, the healing rate is high, however, as the grade level of the pressure ulcer progresses, the rate of healing is also reduced (Paquay, et.al., 2010). Prevention and early management of pressure ulcers is therefore an important consideration in the management of chronic care patients. Patient Assessment The assessment process in pressure ulcers is one of th e initial and important elements in the management of pressure ulcers. There are various assessment scales which have been recommended for use by experts. In the UK, the European Pressure Ulcer (EUPAP) Grading System has been recommended for use (NHS, 2012). Based on patient assessment, the patient manifests with a Grade 2 pressure ulcer with some of the outer surface of the skin damaged. The ulcer manifests as an open wound or blister (NHS, 2012). The goal for this patient now is to promote the healing of such ulceration, to prevent its progression (higher grade levels), as well as its infection. Assessment of a pressure ulcer also involved the complete medical assessment of the patient, including the onset as well as the duration of the pressure ulcer, including his history of pressure ulcers (Bluestein and Javaheri, 2008). This was the patient’s first time to have a pressure ulcer and the pressure ulcer started to manifest about two weeks following his injury. His wound ca re mostly involved standard dressings which were changed daily. He had difficulty changing positions on the bed and mostly stayed in one position all day. He was of regular body build, with a BMI within the normal levels. He was alert and socially responsive, especially with his family and with the hospital staff. He had limited assistance when discharged as it was only him and his wife in their house. They needed support services at home. There was one grade 2 pressure ul

British Columbia Ambulance Service (BCAS) Research Paper

British Columbia Ambulance Service (BCAS) - Research Paper Example An airevac programme has both a rotary and fixed wing aircraft for efficiency handles special cases. Sometimes BCAS covers other stations on the grounds of emergency and system loads (Llc 42). BCAS is an equal employer. It frequently hires emergency medical responders (EMR), primary care paramedics (PCP), critical care paramedics (CCP), advanced care Paramedics, infant transport team paramedics (IIT) and other management and casuals in accordance to the availability of the vacancy. Eligibility of the applicants has consideration on paperwork completion and more preference on those who have pre employment on the medical field. Formal employments are available to the applicants who are eligible immediately a vacancy is available. The eligibility list becomes active for a full year. The primary requirements for hiring at BCAS requires an individual to have a valid PCP, ITT, CPP, ACP, and EMR license which is issued by the Emergency Medical Assistant Licensing board. A valid driver’s license probably class one, two or 4 BC is mandatory. A legal work entitlement in Canada is also a need alongside A CPR level C certificate with one-year validity. The employee should also satisfy Criminal Record Review act and be of 19 year of age. Grade 12 graduate diploma or its equivalence is the minimal academic qualification. The recruiter gives several written exams as in addition to the first entry exam for eligibility test (David A. Boyes 87). BCAS employee should be of good morals and regular availability for ambulance duties. BCAS accepts applications and follows a given strategy for hiring. For one to be of consideration has to complete the application form for employment. Human resources department does choice of the working area and another clarification before the shortlisted candidate gets an interview invitation for further eligibility gauge. After success in

Brave New World Critical Lens Essay Example for Free

Brave New World Critical Lens Essay â€Å"I have freedom,† you say? Do you really? Perhaps, in some ways, you do. But in the end, you’re just another puppet being controlled by invisible strings whether you know it or not. â€Å"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains,† Jean-Jacques Rousseau once said. In society, man is â€Å"chained† and controlled by the government, by pressure of conforming to the social norms, by wealth and social class, and by one’s desires and emotions. Prior to birth, man is not restricted by such factors but that is merely a fleeting moment as he is slowly exposed to more and more of the world. I agree that â€Å"everywhere [man] is in chains,† but on the contrary, I believe man is already chained from the start—that man is never free. In the novel, Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, babies are â€Å"decanted† and conditioned to play out their predestined roles in the World State. As early as the embryonic stage, babies-to-be already have their fates determined for them. In addition to conditioning, a drug called soma that induces a false sense of happiness dominates these people’s lives. As long as there is society, there will be shackles. Subjects of the World State were pre-separated into specific caste levels through processes such as the Bokanovsky Process, hypnopaedia, and Pavlovian conditioning. As mere embryos, they were already being trained for their predestined fates. By the time they reached the end of the â€Å"assembly line,† freedom did not exist anymore. They were enslaved to society. They were conditioned to strictly love and enjoy the aspects of their own castes and dislike the aspects of other castes. â€Å"We also predestine and condition. We decant our babies as socialized human beings, as Alphas or Epsilons, as future sewage workers†¦ (13)† stated the Director of Hatcheries matter-of-factly. How can man be born—or in this case, decanted ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€free if he can’t even make his own major life decisions or think for himself? Aside from conditioning, World State citizens so easily obeyed the government because they lived in such a â€Å"perfect† world that there just wasn’t anything to complain about. Generally, they didn’t have any problems in regards to sickness, death, desires, old age, passion, relationships and other issues that were often associated with an â€Å"unstable† society. â€Å"People are happy; they get what they want, and they never want what they can’t get.  (220)† If anything â€Å"bad† happened, all they had to do was take a tablet. â€Å"And do remember that a gramme is better than a damn. (55)† The World State government kept their people in â€Å"bottles.† â€Å"’Each one of us, of course†¦goes through life inside a bottle,’ stated Mustapha Mond. (222-223)† The government expected everyone to act according to the standard of infantile behavior—of simple satisfaction, ignorance, and lack of self-restraint and they condemned anyone who acted otherwise. Citizens of the society were encouraged to take soma when distressed and attend social events and activities and so on. It was through such ways that the people were kept distracted and obliviously controlled. These â€Å"socialized human beings† were so ignorant of the shackles around their limbs that they didn’t even try or think to take them off. When a man is born with chains—metaphorically speaking, of course—he is unaware of them. And if he is unaware of them, then there is no way for him to escape them. Such is the case with the people of the World State. They are conditioned to accept and even enjoy whatever path that is laid out in front of them. In this illusion of a perfect world, everyone is happy and without a care as the government does all the thinking for them. Ultimately, people of the World State are permanently trapped in a stage of â€Å"infancy†Ã¢â‚¬â€even upon their deathbeds.

Evaluation of Frying Oil Quality

Evaluation of Frying Oil Quality CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW Deep Fat Frying Deep-fat frying is basically a process which involves immersing a food item in a large quantity of oil or fat at high temperature, which is normally replenished and reused numerous times before being disposed and it is possibly one of the most dynamic processes in all of food processing (Sumnu Sahin, 2008). Products of deep-fat frying come with desired sensory characteristics such as fried food flavour, golden brown colour, and a crisp texture (Warner, Gupta, White, others, 2004). A crisp outer texture is an ultimate characteristic of most fried foods which is developed through rapid surface dehydration during frying and can be controlled by changing a few variables, including product preparation, breading or batter formulation, frying procedures, and post-frying conditions (Banks, 1996). Deep-fat frying uses a large volume of liquid such as oil, fat, and paraffin which has high boiling point and buoyancy forces are particularly efficient to homogenize the temperature along the vertical direction because oil and fat are highly thermo-expandable fluids (Achir, Vitrac, Trystram, 2008). Oil often makes up significant portion of the final food product, as much as 45% of the total product although frying oils serves primarily as a heat exchange medium (Erickson Perkins, 1996). According to Rossell (2001), frying is suitable in cooking all types of foods such as meat, fish as well as vegetables especially potatoes which are probably the food most associated with frying, as potatoes are used to produce both French fries and crisps. Fried food undergoes two correlated mass transfers which are water loss and oil uptake during frying (Bassama, Achir, Trystram, Collignan, Bohuon, 2015). Therefore, the nutritional value of the final product is significantly affected by the nature of the frying oils as they are indeed differ markedly in terms of their fatty acid and fat-soluble micronutrient composition (Chiou, Kalogeropoulos, Boskou, Salta, 2012). Oil is usually heated at high temperatures at 160-200 °C in the presence of air, and water vapour is released from the fried food during the discontinuous frying process resulting in undesirable changes that may occur concurrently with desirable modifications, one such change being the loss of nutrients, and especially vitamins (Juà ¡rez, Osawa, Acuà ±a, Sammà ¡n, Gonà §alves, 2011). Due to thermal decomposition, chemical reactions like oxidation and hydrolysis occur, thus causing changes of the functional, sensory and nutritional quality of the fat and may eventu ally reach a point where it is impossible to prepare high quality fried products and the frying oil will have to be discarded (Stevenson, Vaisey-Genser, Eskin, 1984). A few factors that affect rate of the oil decomposition are composition of the oil, the temperature and the length of frying, continuous or intermittent frying, type of fried food, and fresh oil replenishment (Fan, Sharifudin, Hasmadi, Chew, 2013). In addition, according to Abdulkarim et al (2007), oils with high amount of oleic acid which is rich in monounsaturated fatty acid are more stable and slower to develop oxidative rancidity during shelf life. Quality of Frying Oil The quality of food may be defined as the composite of those characteristics that differentiate individual units of product’s acceptability (Lawson, 1985). The initial quality of oil as well as its durability during frying is influenced by all steps included in processing of the oil and can have a significant impact on the quality of fried food prepared with it (Orthoefer Cooper, 1996). Assessing frying oil quality is very important because a certain amount of oil is absorbed by food during frying and becomes part of the food (Rossell, 2001b). When compared with fresh oil, the degraded oil has an altered nutritional and toxicological profile (Perkins Kummerow, 1959). Therefore, determination of its quality is critical for reaching the desired shelf-life for the product, and reduces the potential for creating health hazard (Gupta, 2005). Oil is used repeatedly at high temperatures, and various chemical processes such as hydrolysis, polymerization, oxidation and fission take place resulting in the accumulation of products of decomposition that not only affect the quality of fried foods but also to human health, especially when frying fat or oil is highly abused (Frankel, Smith, Hamblin, Creveling, Clifford, 1984; Fritsch, 1981). According to Stevenson et al (1984), the rate of formation of decomposition products vary with the food being fried, the oil being used, the choice of the fryer design and the nature of the operating conditions. For example, frying foods that contain high levels of egg solids can contribute to early foaming due to leaching of lecithin into the frying oil and fats from meat or chicken can diffuse into the oil during the frying process, thus contaminate the frying oils (Landers Rathmann, 1981; Weiss, 1983). Stevenson et al (1984) said that operator should ensure that the food being cooked are uniform in term of size and free from excess surface water, crumbs or breading material to reduce fat breakdown caused by the food during frying. Cleanliness of the fryer is one of the factors to be considered in controlling fat breakdown as polymerized fat deposited on the fryer tends to catalyse the formation of more gum which contributes to foaming, color darkening and further deterioration of the frying fat. In addition, ensuring that all traces of detergents are removed during rinsing is very important since this substance can catalyze fat breakdown when frying is resumed (Jacobson, 1967; Weiss, 1983). Oil quality can be maintained by turnover rate which is described as the ratio of the total amount of fat in the fryer to the rate at which fresh fat is added to the kettle and daily turnover at 15-25% of the fryer capacity is recommended (CJ, 1967). Condition of the frying fat gets better when the rate of turnover is higher as appropriate turnover rate will replace lost of silicones due to adherence to the fried items and will keep the level of FFA small. Furthermore, quality of the oil at point of purchase contributes significantly to quality of used frying oil as illustrated in Table 1. Table 1 Quality limits for frying oil Adapted from Rossell (2001). Changes occurring during deep-fat frying There are three main factors that are important in frying operation which are the food to be fried, the oil used, and the characteristics of the process especially temperature and frying time (Blumenthal, 1991). Chemical reaction like oxidation and hydrolysis will affect the functional, sensory and nutritional quality of the oil which may eventually reach a point where the oil needs to be discarded. Physical changes in oil that occur during heating and frying include increased viscosity, color, and foaming, decreased smoke point, development of off odors such as acrid and burnt, and development of off flavors in the fried food (Warner, 2002). Physical and chemical reactions that occur during frying are represented in Figure 1. Figure 1: Changes occurring during deep fat frying (Adapted from Fritsch 1981) Products of decomposition formed during frying can be divided into two classes which are volatile and non-volatile products. Volatile decomposition products include aldehydes, ketones, alcohol acids, esters, hydrocarbon, lactones and aromatic compounds are removed from frying medium by steam generated during frying (Stevenson et al., 1984). On the other hand, the non-volatile decomposition products eventually produce physical changes in frying oil such as increase in color, foaming, and viscosity (Perkins, 1967). Their formation is due largely to thermal oxidation and polymerization of the unsaturated fatty acids in the frying medium. When oil is heated in air, it first shows a gain in weight as oxygen is absorbed, and its peroxide value may increase and when heating continues, the peroxides will decompose, and scission products start to distil off, leading to a net loss in weight (Perkins, 1967; White, 1991). Hydroperoxides may undergo further degradation of three major types: (a) f ission to form alcohols, aldehydes, acids and hydrocarbons, thereby also contributing to the darkening of the frying oils and flavors; (b) dehydration to form ketones; and (c) free-radical formation of dimers and trimers, leading to polymers, all of which contribute to viscosity increase (Lalas, 2008). According to Artman (1969), conjugation of the double bonds and the accumulation of oxygenated products increases the ultraviolet absorption of the oil and iodine value of the oil may decrease later during frying due to the double bonds are consumed in various reactions. Hydrolysis is caused by moisture in fried foods resulting in the formation of free fatty acids (FFA), monoglycerides, diglycerides, and glycerols. FFAs may also be formed during oxidation due to cleavage and oxidation of double bonds (Perkins, 1967).

Ethics on the Internet Essay examples -- Ethics Internet Computers Ess

Ethics on the Internet In today's society, there are many ethical issues on the Internet. Some of the biggest issues and concerns seem to be hacking and viruses, copyright infringements, spam, privacy, and cyberporn. Internet ethical issues affect a wide variety of individuals and almost all people today are affected in some kind of a way. Until recently, most computer users had not been very concerned with questions of ethics and may not have been aware of something being seen as an ethical issue, but this depends on every individual's position. However, today there are many concerns about these issues and some organizations are trying to get laws approved protecting individuals in today's society. Copyright infringements now are an extremely large issue. Illegal distribution of software over the Internet damages the software market, causes prices to go up, slows new software development, and hurts job creation in software development. It is currently reported that 40% of the world's software is pirated. Computer software is one of the most valuable technologies in our society. Since software is so valuable and because computers make it easy to create an exact copy of a program in seconds, software piracy is widespread. From individual computer users to professionals who deal wholesale in stolen software, piracy exists in homes, schools and businesses. Software pirates not only steal from the companies that make the software, but it causes the company to have less money towards their research and development of new software and it ends up hurting all users. The software piracy industry is growing due to the number of PCs and Internet users growing. The Business Software Alliance believes that new techn... ...ography Ethics and Electronic Information in the Twenty-First Century, by Lester J. Pourciau (Editor), G. T. Mendina Business Software Alliance, http://www.bsa.org/usa/">http://www.bsa.org/usa/ Internet Ethics by Duncan Langford, catalogue/catalogue.asp?Title_Id=0333776267 Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 16, No. 6, 1999, pages 590-602, Targeting Children Online: Internet advertising ethics issues AMA American Management Association, http://www.amanet.org/index.htm">http://www.amanet.org/index.htm Web101, Making the Net Work for You, Second Edition, by Wendy G. Lehnert, Copyright 2003 Ethics and the Conduct of Business, Fourth Edition, by John R. Boatright, Copyright 2003 Ethics on the Internet by Michael A. Covington, Copyright 1997, Gernsback Publications, http://www.ai.uga.edu</em>~mc/ethics.html">http://www.ai.uga.edu/~mc/ethics.html </ol>

Ku Klux Klan, Past and Present Essay -- American America History

Ku Klux Klan, Past and Present The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is one of America's oldest and most feared groups. Driven by the dream of a world with only one master race, the KKK often uses violence and moves above the law to promote their cause. Violence and white supremacy was not their original intention. They have been in the shadows for over 130 years and continue to thrive in America's society today. The Ku Klux Klan began almost accidentally during the reconstruction period after the civil war in the Southern United States. The southern people had suffered greatly from the effects of the great war. Many of them lost their homes and plantations. Many also lost friends and loved ones to the war. The people needed a release from the sorrow of everyday life. In 1865, six men from a small town in Tennessee accidentally began what has grown to be the largest and most feared "hate group" in the country. The men decided to make a club to help release the stress of the times. The men were all poor and could not afford to make gowns or great costumes for the group, so they decided to use linens. They wore the linens over their backs and put pillowcases on their heads. They also draped the linens over their horses. The Ku Klux Klan was going to ride for the first time. In the beginning, the men wanted to do nothing more than play pranks on people. However, the people were more frightened than they were cheered up. They soon realized what they could do with these fear tactics. The South had turned into a place that was no longer theirs. The slaves were now free (many of these men were slave owners) and carpetbaggers were coming from the North to take advantage of the southern people. They saw the opportunit... ...m to have the same things in common. They contain information that undermines other races and religions. A majority of these sites also appeal to adolescents, teenagers and younger children by boasting such slogans as "Cool Hate Music." Cartoons are also found on many pages. These cartoons demonstrate the "enemy" races in displeasing situations that often elaborate the points and views of the KKK. In the end, the KKK is a problem that won't go away for long. As we have seen, the KKK will be active for a period and then disappear. As long as there is differences between people in this world, there will always be hate. And the Ku Klux Klan will be there to feed on this hate and exploit it in every way possible. They may be silent for many years, but you can count on the fact that they are there. They are "The Invisible Empire" and will always be the dark

managed healthcare of the elderly

Changes occurring in Health care delivery and Medicine are the result of social, economical, technological, scientific forces that have evolved in the 21st century. Among the most significant changes are shift in disease patterns, advanced technology, increased consumer expectations and high costs of health care. These factors have redefined medical practices to fit into the changing health delivery system. Thus, medical profession is ‘Accountable’ to the society. i.e,obliged to the laws regulating the professional activity. This ‘accountability’ is usually spelt out in â€Å"patient Care Documents† established by hospital associations and medical associations or councils of every country. In addition, medical profession has defined its standards of accountability through a formal code of ethics. There has been a recent significant increase in the number of elderly patients in palliative care units of hospitals in U.S.A and every healthcare delivery system aims to provide the elderly community in need of many services including physical therapy, speech therapy and chemotherapy due to many disabling and terminal diseases. But most of these elderly patients prefer to receive their end life care in a hospice rather than in palliative care units of hospitals. HOSPICE –A MANAGED HEALTHCARE FOR THE TERMINALLY ILL  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ELDERLY PATIENTS Hospice is a coordinated programme of inter disciplinary care provided primarily in the home of the terminally ill patients. The palliative care is the comprehensive care for patients whose disease is not responsive to cure and hence are terminally ill. In the past two decades there has been a study of enormous magnitude in the palliative care segment and various factors have been identified like, respecting patient’s goals, preferences and choices, attending to the medical, emotional, social and spiritual needs of the person, using strengths of interdisciplinary resources, acknowledging and addressing concerns and building mechanisms and systems of support. Many terminally ill elderly patients suffer only when they do not receive adequate care for the symptoms accompanying their serious illness. This is significant in the changing health care scenario where the patient is well informed, has the right to accept or refuse a treatment, issue advance directives and even appoint a proxy directive. Managed care for the elderly population is relevant in the present day health scenario where euthanasia and physician assisted deaths have found a legal niche as in the State of Oregon. THE MANAGED CARE ADVANTAGE Any health care delivery system is  primarily committed to the principles of patient self-care on the principles of Dorothea Orem (1971) with emphasis on client’s self-care needs. Self-care, according to Orem, is a learned, goal-oriented activity directed towards the self in the interest of maintaining life, health, development and well being. The ultimate emphasis of Orem’s theory is on client’s self care. Accordingly, care is needed when the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental or social needs and the health care giver determines by duty why a client is unable to meet the needs or what must be done to enable the client to meet them. Health care of elderly population demands enormous resources of time, energy and money. Hence, every family looks up to any such programs with some faith element. Care of terminally ill population is   still more stressful for the family in a hospice setting and any hospice setting requires a inter disciplinary care provided primarily in the home of the terminally ill patients. Such patients are usually immobilized and it is not medically advisable to take them to a hospital for therapies. Thus, the significance of the services being taken to the patient’s home, especially the elderly, by health care organizations is the need of the hour and future with the time constraints faced by many families in the super fast world in taking these elderly people for a regular therapy, the advantages the patients get in terms of pain relief, effective communication capacity and symptom relief. This feature distinguishes the program from the rest of the health care programs that are currently available. The implementation schedule, i.e., the chronological sequence of events and activities that need to be achieved over a defined period of time to achieve the Goals and Objectives has to be defined by the Organizational Structure of the healthcare delivery system which identifies and describes the role of individuals, and their relationships in the system, who are key to the success of the program. THE DISADVANTAGE There is a perennial shortage of occupational, physical and speech therapists in the health care system in the USA. Thus, there is a growing demand and proportional short supply of professionals. Cognitive impairments pose a serious barrier on the reliability of geriatric assessments (Weiner et.al, 1999). Some of these patients may be marginally competent and some may be incompetent. Effects of cognitive impairment on the reliability of geriatric assessments has been studied recently to explore the relationship between cognitive status and reliability of multidimensional assessment data. The studies have proved that the reliability of the patient’s communication and sensory ability are affected by cognitive status. Thus, any such program aimed at the elderly population should be implemented with care with documented informed consent. REFERENCE Addington Thomas et.al, ‘Ethics and communication with the Terminally ill’, Vol 7(3), 267-281, 1995, Health Communication. Anderson Christina et, al, ‘Continuous Video recording; a new clinical research tool for studying the nursing care of cancer patients, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol 35(2), 257, July 2001. Astudillo Wilson et, al ‘How can relations be improved between the family and the support team during the care of terminally ill patients?.’ Supportive Care in Cancer Vol 3(1), 72-77, Jan 1995. Barrington Dianne et, al, ‘Facilitating communication and interactional skills with terminally ill patients’ -Teaching and Learning Forum 97, Australia. Chochinov Harvey Max et.al, ‘Prognostic awareness and the terminally ill’, Psychosomatics, Vol 41, 500-504, Dec 2000. Weiner D et, al, ‘Chronic pain associated behaviors in the nursing home : resident verses care giver’s perceptions’, Pain, Vol 80(3), 577-88, Apr 1999.

Festivals in India

Art has been around for what seems to be forever, yet no one has truly found an answer to the question, what is art? For some, definitions such as, art is â€Å"which implies knowledge of materials and their skillful handling. †(Ocvirk, 5), may be fulfilling, but in my opinion art has a much deeper meaning to it. If a person understands the work of art then, in a way one understands the artist himself. During the trip to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Giovanni Paolo Panini’s Interior of Saint Peter’s, caught my eye from the start; therefore I have decided to write my paper on it. Giovanni Paolo Panini was born in 1692, in Piacenza. He first started off his training from a stage designer, after that he moved to Rome where he specialized in decorations and began to study drawing. Panini started to receive recognition after joining the Congregazione dei Virtuosi al Pantheon and the Accademia di San Luca. Soon enough Panini was painting frescoes for essential people, for an example painting for the Pope was one of Panini’s projects. The Interior of Saint Peter’s was only one of many paintings Panini had done. Giovanni Paolo Panini painted the Interior of Saint Peter’s with oil; the picture plane, which is a flat surface where the artist implements his image on, is a plain canvas. The dimensions of the canvas is (74 x 99. 7 cm), Panini used a canvas which had more height than width due to the fact that the Interior of Saint Peter’s contained high domed ceilings, he uses this canvas to his advantage in portraying the domed ceiling along with the arched columns. The smart choice in the dimensions of the canvas comes to no surprise due to the fact that Panini specialized in architectural paintings. He angles the perception of the painting to show the enormous size of the building. It is easy to see the distance between where the viewpoint of the painting is to the far end of the structure. You can also tell that the building was massive by observing the people Panini painted into the picture. If you notice everyone is painted as if they were nothing but ants from this distance in the building. This truly brings out the size of the building and allows the viewer to acknowledge that indeed this is a big structure. From this point of view the painting seems to be in the two dimensional world. The color in the painting allows the viewer to see the vast decorations on the columns, ceiling, and you clearly see the structure in the back of the painting, yet it is not as clear as the closer objects, which shows us this â€Å"realâ€Å"image of the viewpoint. Panini uses colors to distinguish between where one decoration ends and another begins. For example, look at the decorations on the columns, you can clearly see where they begin and end, such detail of the color has been put into this piece of art and that detail allows the viewer to understand the beauty of the scene. You can see on the left side of the painting that the light is shining in from the windows and into the scene; this allows the viewer to understand that if they were there most of the inside would be in shade. There is also a man wearing red in the middle of the scene who seems to be kneeling and praying. The red colored clothes of this man stick out perfectly compared to the surroundings, making it clear that we should not overlook this man; maybe Panini had a meaning to why this man was kneeling and why he wanted the viewer to notice it. Panini also uses volume to show the height and width of the columns. From where the scene is being viewed from the columns are shown from two sides. One side of the column, the side with three figure looking designs on it, seems to be facing towards what might be the entrance and the other side is facing the main hall, where the man in the red is kneeling. This view gives the columns somewhat depth and solidifies them, because you can almost perfectly get the idea of how huge and enormous the columns are. The balance in the painting seems to be perfect when it comes to the equality of weight and accomplishing unity. However, Panini has somewhat given certain things more attention than others in the painting. There is still unity the painting comes together well, yet there are still things like the man in the red kneeling or the woman in the pink in the right hand side. Objects like that seem to have more attention grabbing characteristics than others. Panini has put most of the crowd towards the right next to the columns and left more empty space in the middle which makes certain objects, like the man kneeling, stick out more. As before you can clearly that there is plethora of space in between the people in the hall. It is easy to perceive in how much space there actually is in between everyone due to the fact that proportionally the painting makes sense. The people in the hall are the perfect size, the structure is a perfect size, everything sings in harmony which allows the viewer to perceive space in a rational manner, so the space between two people in the hall would seem more real than if the painting was not proportionally correct. Panini’s style seems to be simple if you look at the manner of what he paints. He was known for specializing in architectural views; Panini painted many pictures of Saint Peter’s. Yet, his style seems to be somewhat more in depth than just architectural views, Panini seems to sneak in a few things that may or may not have meaning to them. For example, at the top right of the painting in between the arch of the first column there seems to be a figure of a person as if he were sneaking around. Also lets not forget the figure kneeling in the middle of the hall, it was not coincidence that this person sticks out more than the rest of the people, there is probably a meaning behind this that only Panini could explain, or maybe he left it to the viewer to come up with a meaning for themselves. Panini shows the detail of the decorations in a realistic manner, in a way that a viewer can see the details yet at the same time if the object or decorations are far from the point of view they blur a little, giving it a more rational tone. This rational tone can be considered atmospheric perspective, which means the painter is trying to show a realistic view by allowing far away objects to blur a little and for closer objects to be strong and contrast. Panini did a great showing atmospheric perspective because if you look at the flags on the ceiling, you can clearly see the closest one to the viewer which is the one on the top right, and the top left one is slanted but still more clear than the one behind it, same goes for the top right one it is much more clear if you compare it to the flag behind it which is farther from the viewer. Panini uses this on the columns and its decorations as well, the farthest column’s decorations are almost impossible to see where as the closest column’s decorations are the clearest. Giovanni Paolo Panini’s, Interior of Saint Peter’s is a great example of perfect artwork. Panini uses the elements of composition and the principles of organization to create beautiful art. Though beauty is subjective, it is hard to say that this painting is nothing less than that.Reference http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=4323032

Cortes Conquers the Aztecs: Spanish Conquest or Indian Civil War Essay

The Spanish conquests of Montezuma and the Aztecs were both a Spanish conquest as well as an Indian civil war. The thing that ties them both together is the Conquistador Hernan Cortes. You could argue for both sides as to which played a more significant part in the fall of the Aztecs, however, I feel they both played an equal role in the defeat of the Aztecs and the fall of Tenochititlan to the Spaniards. When Cortes first came to Mexico, he did not know the language spoken by the Indian tribes. He was fortunate enough to have two interpreters; Aguilar, a shipwrecked Spaniard who had learned the Maya language, and Malinche. Malinche was a young maiden â€Å"given† to Cortes as an offering. Between her and Aguilar, Cortes was able to become familiar with the way the Aztecs lived, thought, and fought. He used this tactic to aid in expedition and to guard against any attacks. By far, one of the biggest downfalls of Montezuma and the Aztecs was the role of the God Quetzalcoatl. The majority of the Aztecs’ lives and beliefs was centered on their Gods. One of their biggest beliefs was of the God Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent. Montezuma believed that Cortes was the human version of Quetzalcoatl. The legend of Quetzalcoatl depicted a bearded, white God who looked similar to Cortes. Quetzalcoatl was prominent during the Toltec rule and had supposedly left the valley because he was unhappy with the way things were. The Aztecs believed he was expected to return and bring back good times and good fortune. Cortes took advantage of their beliefs and immersed himself into the Aztecs lives. Against the advice of his royal family, Montezuma welcomed Cortes and the Spaniards with open arms. They wanted Montezuma to kill the foreigners. The Aztecs tried giving the Spaniards gold and other riches to get them to leave their city. This only fueled their desire and ambitions for more, and they refused to leave. The more they gave, the more the Spaniards wanted. Cortes made Montezuma a prisoner of his own city, which led to an uprising by the Aztecs known as â€Å"La Noche Triste†, or The Sad Night. Many lives were lost on both sides. Many other factors contributed to Cortes’ victory over the Aztecs. His soldiers had far more superior weapons and they had horses. The Aztecs were very afraid of the horses because they had never seen anything like them before. Disease also played a huge part in the defeat of the Aztecs. The Spanish brought ailments that the Aztecs had no immunities for. Three-fourths died from either violence or diseases such as small-pox and the measles in just the first century of the conquests. The Aztecs’ tactics of war were quite different from those of the Spaniards, and this was also a point in the Spaniards’ favor. The Spaniards fought to kill. The Aztecs did not. The Aztecs fought to capture and get prisoners so they could later use them as human sacrifices to their Gods. In fact, Cortes himself was captured several times but was re-captured by his men and rescued. The most important factor by far in the defeat of the Aztecs by Cortes, according to some historians, is the help he received from the other suppressed Indian tribes in the area. This is why I believe one could view this as not only a Spanish conquest, but also as an Indian civil war. These other Indian tribes chose to help Cortes fight because they felt they would benefit greatly from the defeat of the Aztecs. They were tired of living under the Aztecs’ rule and saw Cortes as a type of hero, or liberator. They were more than happy to help wage a war against the Aztecs if it meant they could have better lives. After many deaths on both sides, The Aztec capitol fell in August of 1521. After capturing Tenochititlan, the Spaniards destroyed the city and on top of it built was is now present day Mexico City. I believe the preceding statements support my argument that the most important factors in the demise of Montezuma and the Aztecs were from the equal combination of having to deal with a Spanish conquest and an Indian civil war. Sources: Vigil, James Diego From Indians to Chicano Internet site, Then Again Info World History Chronology Project; www.thenagaininfo Matthew, Roy T. and F. DeWitt Platt Western Humanities Sullivan, Richard E., Dennis Sherman and John B. Harrison A Short history of Western Civilization Wood, Michael A Legacy- The Search for Ancient Cultures

Profit Maximization Essay

The company selected for this project is Ingram Micro. It is one of the largest distributors of Information Technology products not only in America but in the whole world as well. Basically, the main modus operandi of the company is to generate income through selling IT products in bulk to large distributors or resellers or in retail to its dedicated special group of resellers. The main distinguishing operation of Ingram Micro in terms of profit generation is that it generates revenues by adjusting in real-time all the products it distributes from the manufacturer to the distributors. Ingram Micro is like a channel so it is crucial that price adjustments will not compromise its ability to earn profits. Technically, the mode of distributing products can be considered elastic in demand curves. This means that any changes or adjustments in the prices of the products won’t have true effect on the demands of the resellers. This is mainly due to the fact that the consumers’ market of IT products can readily adjust to price fluctuations as technology commodities always do. However, if a reseller wishes to order in bulk, Ingram Micro can immediately adjust its profit to save the deal and create more future opportunities with a specific reseller. So in this case demand really drives the profit of the company. On the other hand if one manufacturer is not able to meet the demands of the reseller, Ingram Micro can increase prices for profit maximization without even hurting its reputation among the resellers as the latter always understand the situation that Ingram Micro is simply dependent on how much commodities they can acquire at any given time. On the aspect of company operations, we can say that Ingram Micro has fixed costs of operations on its employees’ salaries, arrangement with delivery companies like FedEx and UPS and the maintenance of network systems and warehouse tax payments. Variable costs may include the cost of technology products for system upgrade, repairs and some unwanted delivery errors charged to the company’s accounts. To illustrate Ingram Micro’s profit maximization, a study on revenue and cost balances can be used. Profit maximization is attained when the marginal revenue starts to equal with marginal cost and projects upward (Wolfram, 2008). Below is a hypothetical data where Ingram Micro is set to reach its profit maximization status.

Ethical Principles/Theories

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES/THEORIES ?Situation Ethics oSituation ethics views Pornography as moral if and only if it is used in moderation and with the right mind set of the individual to use it to benefit oneself or others in a good way. ?A married couple who are unable to show their love to each other can use a type of pornography called â€Å"cybersex† to help them cope up with the loneliness of being away from their loved one. oBut if an individual indulges his/herself into pornography to harm the people around him/her, and lets pornography destroy ones morality, Situation ethics views it as something immoral. A couple decided to film their sexual intercourse but they promised to keep it private. Suddenly the woman found out that his partner has uploaded their video on the web. ?Pragmatic Moral Principle oIn Pragmatic Moral Principle, the bottom line is the most realistic, beneficial, and useful. If we apply it in Pornography, we can indeed agree that looking at pornography as a f orm of education for adults can save more time and money, rather than going to a sexologist and other doctors of the same field. A married couple who are both inexperienced in sexual intercourse can be helped by pornography to educate them on how to deal with this field they are unaware of. ?Divine Command Theory/The Will of God oâ€Å"An act is good because God willed it to be so and bad because God forbids it. † -Samuel Von Pufendorf oThe will of God is the basis of what is moral and immoral. ?A 14 y/o boy is curious what pornography is like, and then decided to look it up on the internet.He reached a pornography site but the site requires the one should be at least 18+ y/o to enter the site. The boy then lied about his age and entered the site. ?Utilitarianism oIt may be justified if the act benefits or brings happiness to an individual and overweighs the negative effect. ?A married couple who were first unfamiliar with coitus later tried reading porn magazines to help imp rove their sex life and to help prolong their relationship.

Best Practices for Protecting Healthcare Sector Networks and Data Research Proposal

Best Practices for Protecting Healthcare Sector Networks and Data - Research Proposal Example She successfully excelled in sales and was promoted to be a trainer of the sales vendors at the age of twenty-five. Sara Blakely has some key secrets behind her success. One of her positive influence to the excellence was her way of thinking recreationally in all aspects. She always gave herself an uninterrupted time to think. That amble time of thinking gave her opportunity to give attention to everything surrounding her and extract all the probable chances that are offered by the circumstances. Besides, these prospects gave her to focus on how to improve the opportunities and the product that she had. Sara Blakely cultivated the limitless vision. She had a belief that what an individual can thick one can do create it. While in high school, she informed her colleagues that she would at one-time feature at Oprah Winfrey Show. After that, she tirelessly worked towards it (Kidder, 2012). Sara Blakely sought the feedback from the right people not from anybody. She never hides her idea to the people whom she thought could impact to her idea positively. She never taught her idea to her friends or family, as she was aware that she could spend more time tr ying to explain to them the validation and telling it and fail to get to her heights. Sara Blakely failed to make to pursue her career in law that she longed to joined, but she changed her career. Again, at the time when she was selling the fax machines she was frustrated by the panty lines that were observed from her attire (Kidder, 2012). Sara Blakely has excellent leadership skills that made her who she is today. Sara Blakely delegated the responsibility of every department to all members who worked in the division. She used to remind every work that they were supposed to treat the area of work as theirs. She trusted herself alone, and always implemented her vision (Kidder, 2012). Sara Blakely was talented in sales as at the age of just twenty-five was promoted to the capacity of the