Macbeth Vs Hamlet :: essays research papers

Proposal: Shakespeare utilized a similar meaning of catastrophe when he composed Macbeth, and when he composed Hamlet; Shakespearean disasters utilize heavenly occurrences to interest the peruser's advantage, and his plays comprise of a saint that has an unfortunate defect (at times the need for the otherworldly) which makes him make a lethal mistake.I. Presentation II. Spirits III. Correlation IV. End Shakespeare consistently utilized similar components of catastrophe when he composed his disasters. These disasters can be thought about effectively, particularly Macbet and Hamlet. Shakespearean disasters utilize extraordinary episodes to interest the peruser's advantage, and they comprise of a saint that has a shocking defect (some of the time the longing for the heavenly) which makes him commit a deadly error. Shakespeare followed this example in the entirety of his disasters; thusly the likenesses among Macbeth and Hamlet can without much of a stretch be characterized and discussed .Shakespeare quickly began Macbeth with a heavenly scene. The three witches set the grave and underhandedness tone of the plot. In Hamlet, Shakespeare likewise introduced an extraordinary event near the opening. The phantom of Hamlet's dad introduced itself to Hamlet with a chilling story. In the two circumstances, the unfortunate legend was uncertain about whether the spirits were acceptable or insidious. The introduction of the heavenly started to prompt the last destruction of every one of the characters. In Macbeth, the three witches made him think and carry out malevolence things. In the event that he had never met the witches, he would not have been enticed to kill the ruler; consequently, he would not have set himself in the position that he believed he expected to murder each and every individual who crossed his way. In the event that he wasn't so deceptive, Macduff would not have called for war, and he would not have killed him. In Hamlet, on the off chance that he had not seen the phantom of his dad, he would not have realized that the prevailing lord had submitted murder to pick up the seat.

Human Resources - High performance work Practices Essay

HR - High execution work Practices - Essay Example â€Å"High execution work spots or associations (HPWOs) are associations that are moving towards a compliment and less various leveled structure, where individuals work in groups with more noteworthy autonomy.† (Tamkin, 2004). Be that as it may, in some cases the association won't have the option to give High execution work puts because of different elements. This will definitely cut down the degree of execution among the representatives to absolute minimum. The significant perspective is, the presentation levels of the workers must be kept at ideal levels or elevated levels, with the goal that the representatives show ideal profitability. In this way, this paper will take a gander at how the employees’ execution can be uplifted by upgrading the High execution work places, in this way helping the businesses just as the representatives, sort of win-win arrangement: profiting both the businesses and the workers When a typical, achievable and powerful High execution work places is made, various representatives can be centered around a solitary objective and along these lines expanding their presentation level. As any association will be a hotbed of human action, it could offer ascent to gatherings and subgroups, which will in the end share enough understanding to make subcultures dependent on word related, national, and particularly memorable encounters. When such separation has occurred, the organisation’s task is to discover methods of planning, adjusting, or incorporating the various subcultures into regular culture by making them work in a typical hierarchical environment. In this way, execution among the representatives can be streamlined at the beginning itself, just if the pioneer or chief of the association gives the representatives a good High exhibition work place with a typical hierarchical culture, concentrating on a solitary objective. â€Å"Support culture, which incorp orate execution tasks and individuals the executives forms, adjusted to hierarchical goals to assemble trust, enthusiasms and commitment.† (Tamkin, 2004). The quality of

Intentional Relationships

Intentional Relationships Our relationship with food is complicated: you can get by without paying attention to food and its influence  on your life, but those who do recognize the effect  their diet has on every other aspect of their livesâ€"and who act upon that knowledgeâ€"tend to be more fulfilled on multiple levels. We can optimize our intake for vitamins and raw materials, ingesting our daily regimen in the form of sludge and pills like survivors in a dystopian future wholl take what they can get. Or we can magnify our enjoyment of our meals, homing in on the flavors that tantalize our tongues and flood us with pleasure chemicals, dismissing completely the health-related repercussions involved, because, after all, you only live once. We can also ignore what we eat completely, buying whatevers cheap, whatevers nearby, whatever is in the most brightly colored packages. We can pile a random assortment of things onto our plates and shovel it into our mouths, our minds never focused on the act, a little bit irritated that we have to take the time to do even that much. An intentional diet is different: it strikes a balance between the two extremes in that first exampleâ€"it  allows us to experience pleasure through the act of eating, while also enjoying the long-term benefits of healthy consumption. Unlike the second example, being conscious of what we eat reshapes something that could be a passive, drudgerous activity and makes it engaging, makes it worthwhileâ€"it makes it something we look forward to, and something we improve over time. Like our relationships with food, our relationships with other human beings can be complicated. We can optimize these relationships, reading self-help books and reducing the exercise to a math equation with numbers to carry and symbols to draw, all of them cloaking the complexity of something thats difficult to explain in formulae and numerals. We can hurl ourselves into the experience of knowing someone, perhaps quite intimately, without understanding how the process works or what exactly were feeling in the first place. Enjoying the moment, but never exploring how we interact with others beyond those moments. We can also ignore our relationships, accepting that they are a necessary component of our lives to some degree, but never investigating to see what role these connections might play  in our happiness, our education, our personalities, our growth, our stability. Intentionality means paying attention: It means doing things on purposeâ€"not passively, not reflexively, not because we have to. Doing something with the intention of getting as much out of it as possible, whatever that happens to mean in context. With food, it means ensuring youre eating well in the sense that youre intaking what your body needs, youre enjoying the process of eating rather than considering it a torturous undertaking, and youre eating in a way thats sustainable: not over-using resources, not eating too much or too little, not making it the only thing in your life, not relegating it to the role of a background character on your personal stage.  A balanced relationship. With people, intentionality is similar: It means striking a balance thats both sustainable and enjoyable. It means bringing other people into your life in a way thats healthyâ€"not co-dependent, but not isolating. Not trying to trick the system with gimmicks and acts, but not ignoring how you might improve your approach to meeting and interacting with others, either. Improving your connections, yes; but doing so based on strict instructions offered by someone with different needs and goals, no. Every relationship is different, as is every single persons needs: Some people opt for a more traditional, archetypal arrangement (whatever that might mean for the culture in which they were raised), while others aim for something slightly off-center. Still others prefer something so different from the norm that their model doesnt have a name yet. Whatever the case may be for you, consider how your relationships might be more intentional, more customized, for you and your needs. And then act upon that knowledge. Because although its wonderful to intend to be intentional, wanting to improve upon something is only putting on your shoesâ€"at some point you must step out the door and walk toward the goal youve identified. Colin Wrights new book, Some Thoughts About Relationships, is a book for people who want it all when it comes to relationships: something tailor-made for their unique beliefs, goals, desires, and lifestyles. It also includes a special foreword by Joshua Fields Millburn.

The Role of Leadership Theory in Raising the Profile of...

Leadership Title: The role of leadership theory in raising the profile of Women in Management. The article is founded on the concept of leadership and the varied conceptions that have been propagated on the same since the early 11930s to the contemporary times. The focus is majorly on the shaping up of the leadership theories over time to come and converge at the pivotal position of women in management. Leadership is described here as the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable other to contribute towards effectiveness and success of the organization of which they are members (Uma D Glenice J, 2006: Pp237). There are however earlier forces within management that did not seem to support this contemporary definition as depicted in the essay. The early leadership theory has the proposition of the great man theory that shifted the attention of leadership from women and focused it on men since in the 1930s women were not visible in the paid employment but predominated the domestic care systems. The scholars in leadership and management grappled with the idea o f a single definition of leadership and the authors indicate that it was by incorporating the two approaches of people centeredness and production concerns that effective leadership could be achieved. Types of leadership were defined but most of them were male oriented as the article indicates. Firstly the autocratic eldership which was use of power to force followership was seen asShow MoreRelatedLeadership Effectiveness: Style and Ethics800 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Effectiveness: Style and Ethics Culture is a powerful force in organizations. Leaders must build and share a vision with followers which is ripe for the culture and current climate. Leaders must also recognize when an organization’s culture no longer supports the mission. Target Corporate Target is a corporate pillar in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Target’s mission is, â€Å"to make Target your preferred shopping destination in all channels by delivering outstanding value, continuous innovationRead MoreWilliam Chaucer s The Wife Of Bath1347 Words   |  6 Pages Women Progressing Over the years, some may argue that literature has progressed into a better manner or for the worst. In British literature, motifs vary throughout the multiple time periods, such as the Anglo-Saxon Era, Medieval Era, to the Age of Reason period; moreover, motifs have changed out of the regular and accustomed angelic Christian that has to repent and believe in God. British literature begins to introduce a new archetype for women that writers follow in stories by describing themRead MoreThe Inequality Between Men And Women2479 Words   |  10 Pagesbetween men and women that has taken place in organizations for multiple years in history. Women are facing many challenges with trying to be viewed as equals among their male counterparts, but these challenges are nothing that a woman will be able to change on her own. The question is why is it so hard for gender diversity to be incorporated into the work place, but not only that is how can it actually being to make a difference for all w omen employees in every organization. Women are just as educatedRead MoreWomen in Leadership2929 Words   |  12 PagesWOMEN IN LEADERSHIP Sofia Baka BSC 407 The Effective Organization Vesselin Todorov Research Paper March 13, 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 1. WHAT IS LEADERSHIP? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 1.1 General Information†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 2. WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 3. LEADER EFFECTIVENESS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 3.1 Effecting Change in Women Leadership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 3.2 What are the characteristics of effectiveRead MoreLeadership Profile, Jane Goodall4664 Words   |  19 PagesPersonal Leadership Profile Abstract The following report is a reflective a case study of Jane Goodall, the influential leader who I admire. I have analyze the various dimensions of the Jane Goodall’s strengths and limitations through data collections from reputable sources, evaluating her personal traits, behavioral styles, situational responsiveness, communication skills ,and other dimensions of leadership. I have also evaluated my own strengths and limitations of these same dimensions, compilingRead MoreWomen Entrepreneurs: a Critical Review of the Literature12149 Words   |  49 PagesIncreasing numbers of women are becoming leaders of their own businesses, and many are struggling to achieve success. A growing body of theory and research is exploring how different women come to business ownership, their unique leadership challenges and strategies for success, their personal change and the processes of leadership development they experience. This paper reviews literature addressing women business owners from the general perspective of understanding their leadership. Within this frameRead MoreHow Feminists Have Made Countless Advancements For Women3690 Words   |  15 Pagesago, the United States government did not allow women the right to vote. The 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920 provided all citizens, regardless of gender, the opportunity to exercise this right. While this is a commonly known fact, it was only 47 years ago that a woman was not permitted to run in the Boston Marathon. The feminist movement was directly responsible for pivotal changes in our country. The belief that men and women should have access to equal rights and opportunitiesRead MoreThe Impact of Path-Goal Leadership Styles on Work Group5648 Words   |  23 PagesThe Impact of Path-Goal Leadership Styles on Work Group Effectiveness and Turnover Intention Marva L Dixon,  Ã‚  Laura Kozloski Hart.  Ã‚  Journal of Managerial Issues.   Pittsburg:Spring 2010.   Vol. 22,   Iss. 1,   p.  52-69,6-7  (20  pp.) | Abstract (Summary) Leaders continuously seek to improve organizational performance and enhance work group effectiveness to drive competitiveness and curtail the cost of employee turnover. The diversity of many work groups in the U.S. creates potential benefits and challengesRead MoreAreas of Knowledge of Hrm11342 Words   |  46 Pages INTRODUCTION Important changes in the understanding and management of Human Resources have been developed in the past 10 to 15 years. Various researchers, practitioners and policymakers now acknowledge that Human Resources can be conceptualized from a functional perspective and that appropriate interventions involve the development of alternative measures to cope up. It was also noted that the establishment of a conducive working environment for learning and training have served effectively inRead MoreBoard Dynamics and the Inï ¬â€šuence of Professional Background, Gender and Ethnic Diversity of Directors11390 Words   |  46 Pagesdynamics, social network ties Introduction W *This paper was presented at the 5th International Conference on Corporate Governance and Direction, 8–10 October 2002, at the Centre for Board Effectiveness, Henley Management College. ** Address for correspondence: Department of Management and International Business, Massey University, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand. Tel: 649 443 9799; Fax: 649 441 8109. orld events, challenges and social trends of the past two decades have forced changes in the composition

Discursive Essay - The British Monarchy - 1436 Words

God Save the Green: Are the Royal Family a Luxury we can no Longer Afford? Cheers rise from the jubilant crowd as the crowning moment we’ve all been waiting for finally arrives. Thousands fill the Mall, craning their necks as Queen Elizabeth II steps out onto her balcony, offering a smile to her adoring subjects. Clad in her bedazzled hat, she surveys the scene: a vast sea of British flags, frantic in their support of sixty years on the throne, waving in time to a raucous rendition of God Save the Queen. It probably never entered anyone’s heads that the funding was taken from their taxes as they donned absurd red, white and blue creations in the name of patriotism. No one asked how much it was costing. Or who was paying for the†¦show more content†¦The Trust is designed to benefit countries in the Commonwealth, and ‘deliver iconic projects †¦ that are a fitting and enduring tribute to Her Majesty the Queen’, according to their website. These include investments in areas such as sport for youths, helping the disabled, and protecting our country’s heritage. Whether or not the money was raised seems to be an undisclosed matter, perhaps a stark indication that the profit they originally anticipated wasn’t reached. The fact that the Diamond Jubilee is being celebrated worldwide perhaps shows what a prominent figure the Queen is the whole world over. Maybe that has gone to her head, as it is no doubt her British loyalists paying for the commuting and security for her. Why should we cough up so she can swan off to Timbuktu or the like? Perhaps she’s caught onto the fact that her position isn’t quite what it used to be when the monarchy could order a criminal to be beheaded as easily as calling their maid for a cup of tea. Perhaps she’s upset now that she has so few powers, besides handing out awards to heroes and celebrities. She even had a role in the James Bond sketch for the Olympics to boost her appeal. It’s sad to see what antics the old dear has been reduced to just to gain public appreciation, but then again, maybe it’s time she paid attentionShow MoreRelatedEssay on Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures4270 Words   |  18 Pagespresented st rong arguments for relating the ?institutionalisation and subsequent valorisation of English literary study [to] a shape and an ideological content developed in the colonial context?, and specifically as it developed in India, where: British colonial administrators, provoked by missionaries on the one hand and fears of native insubordination on the other, discovered an ally in English literature to support them in maintaining control of the natives under the guise of a liberal educationRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestrademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN-13: 978-0-273-68774-0 ISBN-10: 0-273-68774-3 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McAuley, John, FIPD. Organization theory : challenges and perspectives / John McAuley, Joanne Duberley, Phil Johnson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical

School Based Assessment for Learning Free Essays

School Based Assessment for Learning: A report: Assuring Fairness in the assessment component of school based assessment practice in Brunei Abstract This article describes a research project study in depth carried out with 3 self-selected ‘educators’ teaching English language subject in one of the secondary school in Brunei. All are supporting standardized task provided requires flexibility to cater the students’ need individually. The paper explores the educators’ conceptions of and approaches to school based assessment in relation to their teaching. We will write a custom essay sample on School Based Assessment for Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now It sets the discussion in the context of ‘assessment for learning’ and the literature on students’ learning in general and raising students’ achievement in particular. Drawing out a number of key themes arising from the study, I compare and contrast these with the existing literature. Finally I examine some implications of this assessment for learners’ development, and ways in which we could support learners in fostering their learning to achieve the aims of the education system of the 21st century. The researcher is seeing at different perspective of school based assessment for learning and if assessment is made for learners it should cater with different needs of each learner. Keywords: School-Based Assessment for Learners, Brunei Common Assessment Task, pedagogy, standardized 1. Introduction: School Based Assessment School Based Assessment for Learning (SBAfL) is an assessment for learning tool which focuses on obtaining feedback on individual student’s development and performance in the four important domains highlighted in SPN21. Brunei is moving towards the changes as learner is seen as a main player in education, hence to support the changes towards assessment for learning; Brunei Common Assessment Task (BCAT) is implemented. The idea of the introducing BCAT is to make a transition or pedagogical shift between the old system to a new format SBAfL ‘School-Based Assessment for Learners’ instead ‘of learners’. In order to ease the transition, the curriculum department introduced BCAT, standardized SBAfL test. This paper therefore examines / aims to highlight significant aspect of school based assessment or learning and the lapses in existing practices. â€Å"Assessment for learning is the process of seeking and interpreting evidence for use by learners and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to get there. † Assessment Reform Group (2002) 2. 1 Objectives or purposes of SBAfL The rationale behind school-based asses sment We first can start by looking at the overseas. Internationally, particularly in the West, many countries and almost all the examination boards have introduced school-based assessment. In fact, some countries, SBA contributes to 100% of the total assessment of the students. Typically, however, in countries such as Australia and the UK, it contributes about 50%. So, you must ask that: why have these countries and increasingly, why are other countries now following this example and introducing SBA? First of all, the reason is to improve validity. It is to ensure that we can assess the full range of outcomes relevant to our subject. And this is to ensure that we are assessing those things that we are really value. But, there is another side of it; people often think that there is a bit of a trade-off between validity and reliability. Actually, what we know is that when school-based assessment is done properly, it can also contribute to reliability too. In other words, it can be ensure that the student has a more accurate assessment of their ability. Sometimes more accurate than can be obtained from a one-shot examination. So these are some of the reasons why we move to school-based assessment. 2. Review of Related Literature The main research question is ‘to what extend school based assessment help students’ learning with the implementation of Brunei Common Assessment Task (standardized tasks)? Does standardized task could be used for all students? ’ The main theme identified from the previous introduction is the rationale of school based assessment. In literature part, I intended to review the significant of school-based assessment towards students’ learning. Prior to gathering the literature, I produced a list of necessary references and resources to cite from. These resources include library books, internet, journal articles, magazines and electronic books. The first step was a big step because it was not easy to locate the literature. In researching the literature, attention was drawn to the keywords: assessment task, assessment for learning, and standardised assessment. 3. 2 Assessment tasks Assessment and schooling go hand in hand. The assessment of learners and learning is a regular practice in education and are used to determine how far learners have learnt or mastered an educational task or knowledge or how well an educational process has addressed its set objectives. Anikweze (2005: 2) precisely refers to Assessment as â€Å"the process of investigating the status or standard of learners’ attainment, with reference to expected outcomes that must have been specified as objectives† when it concerns learners’ output. Njabili, Abedi, Magesse and Kalole (2005:2) add that â€Å"The fundamental role of Assessment is to provide authentic and meaningful feedback for improving student learning, instructional practice and educational options† which means that Assessment is not and so should not be seen as an end it itself but a means to a justifiable end of learning†. the student’s point of view matters because of its effect on learning. From the student’s point of view, classroom assessment information is not merely information â€Å"about† himself or herself. Rather, it forms a major part of his or her learning life, becoming part of the lessons he or she is expected to learn, the relationship he or s he has with the teacher and the subject matter, and relationships with peers. (Brookhart, 2003, p. 6) 3. 3 Fairness in School Based Assessment Among recent trends around the globe, is the concern on fairness in matters concerning the various issues in education. In some contexts, Fairness and Equity are used synonymously. Fairness or equal opportunity in assessment relates to two issues: â€Å"†¦ fairness in . . . comparison: in essence, have the groups †¦ being tested had the same opportunity to learn? † (Uwakwe, 2005: p4). Teachers are professional and know their students best. So they can compare their students’ work done inside or outside the classroom. Then they can authenticate whether the students themselves have done the work. In this way the authenticity of SBA is guaranteed and students’ abilities can be accurately reflected. Assessment and grading procedures had the effect helping some students succeed now must serve to help all students succeed. The ‘Including all learners’ statement should be used by settings/schools to look at their existing arrangements and identify good practice. â€Å"Assessment ‘as Learning’ is a Professional Obligation in a previous system. Assessment for learning (AfL) should be Celebration of Learning – students should involve not abundant process† (Rick and Doug, 2008). 3. Research Design It will generally give the overview of the research design, methodology, method, selection of research participants, and data collection. The details of data account will be presented in the later part of this report. I had outlined a research focus and constructed the main research question aligned with the qualitative methodology. I had chosen semi-structured interviews for my data collection because it suited with the nature of my study. Three participants were recruited for the research. I developed understanding of the issues which emerged in the research from the coding frame after analysing the data collected using the grounded analysis procedures. Finally, I presented the extracts based on the participants’ transcripts. . 4 Main Research Question: The Brunei Common Assessment Tasks (BCATs) currently implemented in schools are formal, standardized and moderated assessment tasks that familiarise teachers and students with Assessment for Learning (AfL) best practises. Over time, teachers are expected to develop their own SBAfL tasks to better cater to the varied abilities and needs for their students. The m ain research question is ‘to what extend ‘SBAfL help students’ learning with the implementation of Brunei Common Assessment Task (standardized tasks)? 4. 5 Choice of Methodology The methodology that I selected and employed throughout the research is qualitative. I chose qualitative because it is fundamentally different from quantitative methods. This qualitative research methodology puts my research in a good position because I want to gain meaning and understanding of teachers’ experience stored, improved and implemented for future practices. This methodology I used requires special equipment to record and transcribe to gather and analyse the data in-depth. Therefore, the qualitative perspective emphasises on the ‘depth of the understanding’ of the study. 4. 6 Sampling The sample involved 3 teachers who taught English language in one of the secondary schools in Bandar Seri Begawan. Considering their background of teaching experience, each teacher has taught English language at different length/duration in experience of teaching. Three teachers which I recognise as teacher A, teacher B who has taught 13 years in English language and teacher C which is a new experience teacher taught English subject. 4. 7 Limitation of Study There are shortcomings, conditions or influences that cannot be controlled that place restrictions on the methodology and conclusions that I have chosen. Even though the report finished on time, it does not mean that I did not face any problem in doing this research. Initially, I intended to interview some students to see the overview, real-classroom situation. However, with school activities these students had to involved, it was difficult to gather these students to willingly involve in this study within the constraint time. Another difficulty I faced was, no permission was given in collecting students’ mark as the academic staff seen this as case sensitive. The idea was to view the overall and breakdown results of a chosen class as a reason to see students’ progress and development when onducting assessment. 4. The Account In line with the research question to investigate the students’ learning with the implementation of Brunei Common Assessment Task (standardized task) in supporting assessment for learning, teachers were asked their views and experiences in conducting school-based assessment. Figure 1: This fi gure shows Coding Frame which indicates issues arise during the grounded analysis study. Two nodes were highly discussed; teacher’s view on school based assessment and impact of standardised Brunei Common Assessment Task (BCAT) for learners. The figure indicates number of times by which it is frequently mentioned by the participants, on both teachers’ view and the implication of the standardised task. When linkage as I observed it seems that the standardised BCAT is unconstructive for low achievers and all samples were agreed the assessment practice is quite summative. To make it easier to see account frequently mentioned by each participants, I breakdown the findings into Teacher A, Teacher B, and Teacher C. See graph: From the findings, all participants mentioned that assessment for learning (AfL) are beneficial for the learners. From the graph, it says AfL are helpful for higher achievers, and could improve group of average students in their learning: â€Å"The feedback of the assessment helps them in improving. The weak students for some help them. For others it’s still struggle. † Teacher B On the other hand, another participant describes that standardized BCAT is unconstructive for low achievers: â€Å"My comments on this may not affect the whole scenario, because my year 7K, very special class that can’t read and can’t write so I’m struggling with them. So, standardized BCAT is not for them. It is wonderful test paper, the middle set and the top set is more relevant to them. If SBAfL, teacher are given freedom to do their own SBAfL, it will be much better, for me and for my students because I know their level and I know what to prepare for them. But the rules said it must be standardized, I couldn’t do anything†¦. So, BCAT wasn’t really helpful for them, for particular class. â€Å" Teacher A The participant seems to relate that standardized BCAT or assessment practice is quite summative and less helpful to cater students’ need: â€Å"In the test or during the test, I have to help them, as most of them will get zero. The student and the teacher couldn’t cope the extensive syllabus. The syllabus is so huge, even by selecting few pieces in the textbook didn’t help because by the end of the day I have to go to the basic spelling, writing, reading, and the teacher had to forget about the grammar, spelling first. We need to focus on the other skills. Teacher A 5. Discussion Following, the details of data account will be analysed, interpreted and discussed. There are two significant points that emerged from these findings. I integrate the key issue into one significant aspect which deal with the obstacles that the teachers face in conducting ‘assessment for learning’ in relation to standardised BCAT for learners as to answer the main research question 5. 1 Discussion of assessment for learning in supporting lower achiever While the literature review gave a general picture on the roles of assessment, the finding have revealed that the challenging questions of how teacher conducting common assessment task. Since SBA is a new mode of assessment, education policy provides teachers with the assessment criteria and a series of examples to illustrate the standards. They also provide training for teachers. All these measures will ensure standardization among teachers. Teachers know their own students, but may not know the standards of students in other schools, there may be discrepancies in the assessment of a student’s performance by teachers from different school. The participants argued that there are reasons why assessment and grading procedures had the effect only helping some students succeed. Assessment for learning should not be seen as a professional obligation for the students if we want to achieve the aim of the education system. A view expressed by a participant shows that ‘including all learners’ statement should be used by settings/schools to look at their existing arrangements and identify good practice. Common assessment task shows very little indications what students could actually do in real world or situation; content-based assessment task less constructive in promoting critical thinking and skills needed by the nation. Hence, project-based does necessary happen and performance-based assessment. Conclusion If we are serious about raising student achievement, we have to change what happens in the classroom to enable all learners to access relevant skills, knowledge and understanding at an appropriate level. Schools may select content from or any key stage within the curriculum and use it flexibly, together with the skills framework given. In order to provide a meaningful relevant and motivating curriculum for their learners, meet the specific needs of their learners and further their all-round development. Recommendation: the need of flexibility It is recommended that flexible assessment activities is needed to cater the needs of different students and allow them to be assessed effectively. I would like to take this one step further and suggest that, there is a need of flexibility in assessing students’ task by considering level of the students, settings/schools must work to provide an inclusive curriculum which offers opportunities for all learners to achieve and contribute to today’s multi-ethnic. Arrangements for monitoring and evaluating the curriculum should be set out in school policy documents. The full range of professionals, learners and parents/carers can play a part to evaluate the effectiveness of the whole curriculum in the longer term. Standardization is helpful to cater some groups of students, however with the extensive syllabus; weaker students could not cope with too many common assessment tasks. Therefore there is a need to reduce number of common assessment task to be beneficial for access relevant skills, knowledge and understanding In order to provide a meaningful relevant and motivating curriculum for all learners. Reference: * Black, P. and William, D. (2001). Inside the black box. Raising standards through classroom assessment. http://www. pdkintl. org/kappan/kbla9810. htm * Black, P ; Wiliam, D 1998, ‘Assessment and Classroom Learning’, Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, March, vol 5, no 1, pp 7-74. * Educational Leadership February 2000 Number: What Do We Mean by Results Using Rubrics to Promote Thinking and Learning Volume 57 Pages 13-18. Retrieved February 1, 2013, from http://www. pbs. org/teacherline/courses/rdla230/docs/session_2_andrade. pdf * Glasson, T. (2009). Improving Student Achievement. A practical guide to Assessment for Learning. Curriculum Corporation, Victoria, Australia. * Hong Kong Assessment and Examination Authority (HKEAA). Introduction to School-Based Assessment. Retrieved February 3, 2013, from http://www. hkeaa. edu. hk/en/SBA/ * Hong Kong Assessment and Examination Authority (HKEAA), http://www. hkeaa. edu. hk/en/SBA/ * Jim Tognolini (2007). Standards-based assessment: a tool and means to the development of human capital and capacity building in education. Australian Journal of Education, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2007, 129-145 * Phelps, Richard P. , Standardized Testing Primer. (New York, NY: Peter Lang, 2007) How to cite School Based Assessment for Learning, Essay examples

Corporate Financial Management and Superannuation Contribution

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Financial Management Superannuation Contribution. Answer: Superannuation Contribution Superannuation contribution is the contribution provided by the employee, as well as the employee that strives to provide help to the employee after their retirement. This is done by way of deduction of a prescribed sum from the salary or personal contributions are provided. In the normal scenario, the contribution is done by way of deduction from the salary as it lessens the employees taxable income and reduces the payment of tax (Damodaran, 2012). The later life of the employees demands a balanced and comfortable life, and the best answer for that is investing and saving in policies providing with retirement benefits which are very actively promoted b y each and every country. The amount being invested under the superannuation contributions is increasing every year as a result of the governments regulations which strictly bind an employee to make such investments, which will result as a boon to the employees at the time of retirement. It is the duty of the financial institutions de aling with such investments to earn positive results in the form of returns from them as to highlight the agenda and most importantly to keep up the cause of the superannuation contributions (Graham Smart, 2012). Availability of the cash is the most important necessity of company with which the deal for superannuation contributions is tied so a lot of facts and figures have to keep in mind by the fund managers for keeping the money ready for an employee after retirement. However, it forms a prominent part of the organization as it deals with the benefit of the employee. Primary, secondary and tertiary are namely the three sectors into which the whole economic sector is divided. These are the most relevant sectors. Any occurrence of root level is first identified by the tertiary employees first, so it becomes a duty of this sector to help out the other sectors by sharing its productivity and wisdom (Melville, 2013). To guarantee a positive retirement to the employees the government came out with the idea of compulsory contributions to be made by the employees, which had a rate of 3 percent which was later revised and reestablished to 5 percent by the government in the year 2005. This idea of superannuation contributions has proved to be a boon for the investors and also to the state by decreasing the burden of social security because it includes a systematic management of allocations and funding (Ferris et. al, 2010). It is also necessary and a matter to be paid attention that to which return providing sector the money has been invested. Saving recor ded over the entire year of employment is actually the returns earned from such superannuation funds. It should also be kept in mind that the sum paid to the employee during the time of retirement should be enough and it highlights that there should be the availability of cash and more important factor are discussed below. Defined Benefit Plan and Investment Choice Plan Defined Benefit Plan and Investment Choice Plan are the two main parts into which the superannuation plans are classified. Unisuper Limited is a company providing offers and services to the employees of the third sector. It is one of the biggest and a superannuation based company. It can be considered as a revolution in the industry of superannuation contributions that the employees are free to choose the type of investments they want to make, opting for a retirement option that suits them among various offers, enhanced and integrated flexibility in choosing the correct type of assets for investment in the superannuation funds contributions (Guerard, 2013). For the employees who belong to the tertiary sector and adhere to the Defined benefit plan, the contributions to superannuation are combined and invested in a portfolio of assets that is controlled by the trustees of the fund. The final advantage is determined by the formula that is the performance of the assets divided by the por tfolio of investment. However, the risk of investment does not relate to the employee as the entire responsibility is taken by the fund managers. These strikes a notion that the employee does not benefit from the gain earn by the portfolio that exceeds the requirement to meet the targets and hence, fund trustees should have a flair for investment and utilizing the benefits garnered through such assets. A brief description of all the features of all types of funds is highlighted below. Age of the employee, last drawn salary, the number of years of service, etc is the details which are taken into account while paying the amount at the end of retirement to the respective employee, as per the rules of the Defined Benefits Plan. In the case of this type of investment, the final amount is decided by a simple formula and is not affected by the portfolio returns and is not considered by the investor, but is to be view by the managers and trustees so as to guarantee that sufficient amount is available for payment of the employee (Marsh, 2009). (DB, 2017) In the case of the second type that is Investment Choice Superannuation Fund, all the amount at the end of the year including the return from portfolios are stored in an accumulating account and the management expenses are also dealt with the same account. This type of investment requires strategies and the employees are more prone towards suffering superannuation contribution risks (Northington, 2011). Factors that needs to be considered There is a marked difference between Defined Benefit Plan and Investment Choice Plan. Under the terms set up by Defined Benefit Plan an employee gets a fixed sum after retirement and the fixed sum is not at all affected by the changing returns, on the contrary that means under the Investment Choice Plan, the investors should have faith in their own analysis and also the analysis made by the company regarding the fluctuations of the returns to get higher returns. It is important to have a confident nature and an appetite for risk for the employees investing under Investment Choice Plan (Parrino et. al, 2012). The Defined Benefit Plan is designated as a much safer option for the employees with respect to the Investment Choice Plan. As per Vaitilingam (2010) it is totally in the hands of the investor to invest the money in such a plan that suits the employee. If the employee is skillful and keeps through knowledge about the rates and returns going on in the market and is capable enough to set up strategies then the one can opt for Investment Choice Plan. While the ones who are not ready to suffer any losses and are not capable enough to skillfully manage their own investments can choose Defined Benefit Plan and can designate their investment to reputed institutions to handle their money and to prevent any future losses (Matt Simon, 2014). If the employee is prone to some additional work generating assets then they can opt for Investment Choice Plan, the ones not having any additional assets should go on with Defined Benefit Plan. Value and Concept of Money consideration Future cash flows and the future values of the investments being made are generally and most importantly put under consideration of Time Value of Money. Considering the case of investments there is always some opportunity cost involved in it. It should be clearly understood that a certain amount of money like for example $50,000 is not at all going to be the same one at the time of retirement, it is possible that it can get depreciated so it is an important matter to consider all the factors for making decisions for investments (Brigham Daves, 2012). On the other hand, it should be kept it mind that chosen investment should grow as per the rate of return in the market because money grows with time. It is also the duty of the employee to understand the importance of time value of money and to choose the investment pattern wisely. This is due to the fact that the time value of money comes into consideration and the same money at the present scenario will have a different value after a period of time or in the near future. They should be thoroughly informed of the performance of the portfolio for the past years and should also take the advice of the experts in regard to such matters (Brealey et. al, 2011). It is vital for the employees to understand the future value of the currently invested amount and to make proper decisions as the contributions are life times earning. However, it needs to be noted that the selection of the plan whether defined retirement plans or investment choice plans depends entirely upon the risk taking the ability of the employee. The risk appetite depends on various factors such as salary earned, the age of the employee, working years left, promotions, etc. Hence, it is recommended that the employee must go for the plan that suits the profile and strengthens the savings. Moreover, it should not be done at a high level of risk rather risk and return must be equally blended. Efficient Market Hypothesis The efficient market hypothesis is assumed to be perfect. The reason being it inculcates all the available market information and the reactions of the market to calculate the most efficient stock price. However, there are many factors which prove that this hypothesis is not correct. The investors have an unpredictable psychology and they always do not show the correct price level (Bodie et. al, 2014). Also, the markets always do not behave rationally so it is only a myth that the markets show the fair price. If one assumes that the stock markets are performing in a proper manner then it is believed to be in line with random walk theory (Berk et.al, 2015). However, in real life, the investors are mostly rational however the uncertainty lies in the situations and the events. As there are various shortcomings as mentioned above it does not gets easy for the fund managers to select a portfolio at a time. There are several reasons for the same. A fund manager has always a defined benchmark of meeting certain risk and return goals. However, the stock market has always proved that anticipated, unanticipated and the expected risks of the portfolio cannot be controlled. As each and every stock is different with respect to the capital structure, financial potential, volatility, market competition, etc. hence the market will not suit the requirements of all the stocks. The market size for the stocks of smaller companies is relatively lower if compared to those of higher companies. The portfolio might be open to risks which do not yield rewards as it might not have been designed properly. Hence individual investors might face huge risks in respect of such portfolios (Ross et. al, 2014). As there are inherent limitations to statistical analysis, so it is a mere coi ncidence that the market performance is in line with the efficient market hypothesis. It might not be considered as a risky venture to resort to efficient market hypothesis when the investors have their major investment in riskless assets which are already yielding higher rewards otherwise such portfolios do have a high beta depending upon individuals risk preferences. One should select the portfolio based on perfect calculation and following a proper system. It has been proved that the markets have no memory and also that it is not easy to make money out of the stock markets (Arnold, 2010). Also, there are different types of risks involved in the case of long-term interest rates as compared to short-term interest rates. After discussing the various factors it is very clear that one cannot select a portfolio with great ease. There are various significant jobs which the fund managers are required to perform in order to select a perfect portfolio. The portfolio should be designed in such a manner that the advantage of special tax laws and the pension funds can be taken. If such options are provided then it becomes easier to increase the returns of the portfolio and that too without increasing the risk. Although a large number of stocks in the portfolio do not ensure proper diversification however the fund manager must ensure a diversified portfolio. References Arnold, G 2010, The Financial Times Guide to Investing, Prentice Hall. Berk, J, DeMarzo, P Stangeland, D 2015, Corporate Finance, Canadian Toronto: Pearson Canada. Bodie, Z, Kane, A. Marcus, A. J 2014, Investments, McGraw Hill Brealey, R., Myers, S. Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Brigham, E Daves, P 2012, Intermediate Financial Management , USA: Cengage DB 2017, Compare Defined Benefit vs Defined Contribution Plans, viewed 18 May 2017 https://www.dedicated-db.com/compare-defined-benefit-vs-defined-contribution-plans/ Damodaran, A 2012, Investment Valuation, New York: John Wiley Sons. Ferris, S.P, Noronha, G. Unlu, E 2010, The more, merrier: an international analysis of the frequency of dividend payment, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 14870. Graham, J Smart, S 2012, Introduction to corporate finance, Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Guerard, J. 2013,Introduction to financial forecasting in investment analysis, New York, NY: Springer. Marsh, C 2009, Mastering financial management, Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Matt B Simon P 2014, Accounting and Finance For Managers, Kogan Page Limited Melville, A 2013, International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide, 4th edition, Pearson, Education Limited, UK Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's. Parrino, R, Kidwell, D. Bates, T 2012, Fundamentals of corporate finance, Hoboken Ross, S, Christensen, M, Drew, M Bianchi, R., Westerfield, R Jordan, B, 2014, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 7th ed. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. Vaitilingam, R 2010, The Financial Times Guide to Using the Financial Pages, London: FT Prentice Hall.

18 Reasons Youre Not Landing Freelance Writing Clients (And What You Can Do About It)

Face it: Youve been trying this whole freelance writing thing for three months, and you havent landed a freelance writing client. Sure, youve gotten a project here and there, but nothing recurring and nothing more than a few dollars. You have no clue why you arent landing a client. Youre pitching, looking for freelance writing jobs and nothing. Not one stinking client to show for it. What gives? Why is everyone else – you know, the other successful freelance writers – able to write for a living? Whats so different between them and you? Ive been freelance writing for over two years, and I know what makes a successful freelance writer. Someone that doesnt need to hustle 24 hours a day. Someone who gets work handed to them and one that doesnt have to worry when they get paid next. Ive taught many writers to achieve this success in less time. I can tell with the first strategy call or email whether they will be successful or not. Here are 18 reasons why youre not landing any gigs and what you can do about it. 1. Your Pitch Looks Like it Came from a Template I know. Ive mentioned on this blog quite a few times that its okay to have a template for your pitch. It helps maximize your time when youre doing this as a side hustle. Let me preface this by saying it is okay to have a template for your pitches, just dont make it appear like its a cookie-cutter template. The best way to avoid this is by researching the prospect you want to pitch to. Look online and visit their website. Read their About page and learn about their brand and message. You can infuse that in your pitch by using the same jargon or vocabulary you see on their site. You can also have a few different pitch templates so you can rotate them when youre pitching. 2. Your Pitch Isnt Personal Part of my course package is a pitch review. I read pitches from students and give them a critique and help them tweak their pitch so that it can convert more and stand out. Over the years Ive checked out a lot of pitches and some pitches just come off as impersonal. They address themselves as we and they dont share anything about themselves (if they are a great collaborative partner for example) and its all about their services in a robust way. Your pitch has to be personal. Small businesses that want a freelance writer arent looking for a company that has a roster of freelance writers; they want a solopreneur that knows their craft and can write wicked copy for them. If your pitch doesnt show that passion from you, then you wont land that gig. 3. You Dont Have a Follow-Up System in Place When you send your pitch, do you forget about it? Do you move on to the next pitch and not worry about the pitches you sent?  If they respond, thats great; if they dont move on. Well, youll have a better chance at landing gigs if you create a follow-up system to every pitch you send out. This means after a set time ( a week, two weeks, or several months depending on whether you pitched a small business or magazine) you email them again and ask if they filled the spot for a content writer. This email isnt mean-spirited. Its just a friendly reminder that youre still available and to to please reconsider. Doing this one thing can help you land that client. Its happened to me, and its happened to my students. 4. You Didnt Negotiate in a Professional Way Yikes! You have to negotiate? You didnt sign up for that! Well newbie freelance writer, if you want to land that gig, you need to grow a pair. Sorry, if thats a little blunt, but its true. Im an introvert by nature. Large crowds (and even smaller crowds) and events drain me. I get energized by being by myself and listening to my tunes or even by doing a presentation to a small group. I do thrive off of some people if I do a Facebook live or webinar. So, for me, emailing, pitching, negotiating and networking is easy peasy. Thats because its online and not in front of someone. When you get a response from your pitch, and they ask you your rate, please dont say, Whats your budget? or My rate is $50 per 500 words, but whatever works for you. Ouch and no. This isnt how you negotiate. Another thing to remember is that you are a collaborator, not an employee of the client. You are working with the client to create content for their business. You can squash any potential freelance writing gig by not being professional in your response. Instead, when they ask you your rate, tell them. My typical rate for this type of project is X per 500 words. 5. You Dont Have a Website There are a lot of new freelance writers that email me asking if they NEED a website. Want to freelance online without a website?! Of course, you need a website. If I want to hire a graphic designer or VA, do you think Im just going to look in the newspaper? Or ask a blogger friend? Sure, they  may tell  me some names (word of mouth is a strong marketing tool), but its inefficient on your end. If people cant find you, they wont hire you. After my debacle with content mills and freelance marketplaces, I put up a website and created a services page and blog. I looked at other freelance writer websites and saw some commonalities. From there I learned how to sell my services. What if you are bootstrapping it? Thats okay. Starting a website isnt a lot of money. For under $100 you can get your WordPress site started. Remember, this is a business, not a hobby. You have to invest in yourself and in your business for it to grow. In the interim, start a Facebook page (if youre really struggling) and market your business there. 6. You Dont Have Samples I beg to differ. You DO have samples. If you edited your friends resumà © or made a newsletter for your uncles soccer store or wrote for your high school newspaper, you can drum up some samples. Now, do they translate online? Not all of them. Thats why the best samples are ones you can create on your blog or from  a Google Doc! Create up to three samples and post them on your writer website. Its that easy. To show prospects you can write, create samples and post them on your website. 7. Your Samples Dont Show Your Value Okay. Theres another problem with new freelance writers. They have samples, but they arent the right samples. Why? Because your samples dont show the value, you have as a writer. A client wants high-value from their writer (especially if they are paying for it). If youre still stuck in the $.04/word or $.o6/word range, clients arent really hiring you for value. They just want a good rate with good enough content. Once you get into the $.10-.30+/word range, then you bet your bottom britches clients want top notch content. If your samples dont show that, then youre not going to land high-paying clients. Over on my writer website, the first couple of samples in my portfolio are high-value ones. They are from popular and established websites, they are long form, and they pack a lot of examples and industry knowledge. Those alone helps me convince prospects that I know my digital marketing niche. Go to your portfolio page and take a good look at your samples. Do they really show how great of a writer you are? Or, is it just filled with all your published posts? Its time to pare down your portfolio. 8. Youre Not Confident Ive been dancing around this one for a while. A lot of new freelance writers struggle with being confident in their writing ability and marketing ability. When I first started this whole thing, I had some challenges with my confidence. For me, it was based on the fact that I dont have a journalism degree or any type of writing degree. But, you know what? Clients could give a hoot about whether you have impeccable grammar or a degree in English or journalism. They want to know you can write for their audience and relate their message and brand to them. They want a professional writer that turns in work on time, can work by themselves, and knows their niche. Confidence happens when you practice. Right now, Ive been doing Facebook live sessions. Now, Ive done webinars before, but Facebook Lives are different. They are more personal and engaging, and the feedback is quick. Youre also on the screen the whole time (mostly) and not referring to your slides. Can I say Im not confident at all? Im anxious, I stumble over my words, and Im so not polished on these Facebook lives. But, you know what? Im still doing them. Im doing a 5 days of freelance writing tips Facebook Live over on my Facebook page. I have no idea how that will go. It will be the wild wild west on my Facebook page, and for some reason, freelance writing gets a lot of ridicule than other freelance businesses! Go figure. But, thats not stopping me. I know how important video will be for 2017, so I better jump on board with cold feet. And, you should do the same with your freelance writing business. 9. You Have No Idea Where To Find Your Ideal Client Do you even know who your ideal client is? Trying to find your ideal client can be a challenge. This is the client that helps you become a writer for a living. This is the client that doesnt balk at your rate, values your writing and offers a testimonial. You want that client, but where the heck are they? I can tell you right now; you probably wont find them on Upwork. Now, I know there are writers out there that have worked with their ideal clients on that platform, but Ive had no luck finding any work there, and pitching was terrible on that platform. To find your ideal client, you need to: Raise your rate Create an inbound marketing strategy Use other pipelines to find a client (not only job boards) Its all in your hands freelance writer! 10. Youre Not Spending Time on Your Freelance Biz Let me guess: This is a side hustle for you, right? You have a full-time job to go to that sucks up all your time, and then when youre home, you have a family to tend to. I get it. I do this as a side hustle too (still do) and its hella hard to find time for my client work. My twins no longer nap and the only time I can write is at night. Now, if this were  the case when I first started, it wouldnt have taken me 6 months to make a living as a freelance writer; it wouldve probably taken much much longer. When you dont give yourself adequate time to grow your business, dont expect to have jobs coming to you. You have to invest in your business, so carve time before going to work or during nap time and at night (sorry The Walking Dead, but Ill watch when my client work is done!). 11. Your Niche is Too Broad Whats your niche? Is it gardening? Parenting? Health? These niches are too broad. Anyone can have those niches, so how do you expect a client to find the perfect health writer? When they find a paleo health writer or medical writer for small businesses. The riches are in the niches writers! When you can hone your niche, clients will magically be able to find you and hire you on the spot. Its that simple and that quick. How do you hone your niche? Look at your expertise and knowledge or look what you like to write about. For me, I enjoy writing about content marketing and email marketing on social media. From there, make a new title for your business. I like to go by a B2B professional writer. 12. You Avoid Social Media (Like the Plague!) Oh no, dont tell me you dont have a Twitter profile or at least a LinkedIn profile? If you want to get paid as a freelance writer online, you need to be on social media. This is another way to show your credibility as an online writer. Its free to use, and its easy to create a profile. Remember that these profiles are business ones. If you already have social media profiles, you can use them for your business (just remove pictures that dont align with your biz) or create new profiles. Since I didnt have a Twitter or LinkedIn profile before I started freelance writing, I just created new profiles. Make sure you also show your face. Even if you are a private person, you should still show some personal features of you. Some writers choose to use an avatar. This is fine, but having a real headshot helps with trusting you more. 13. You Dont Network I have an email list of almost 4,000 subscribers, and its such a personal relationship I share with my subscribers. And, when I hear from a subscriber tell me they dont normally reply to newsletters or even attempt to email writers, I feel a little sad. Networking is such a pivotal part  to the long-term success of your business. Without networking, youre facing this journey all alone. Networking was what helped me with getting my gig on OptinMonster as well as writing for influences in my industry. It also helped me raise my rate and appear more credible since I had social proof from a network of entrepreneurs that I could write. So, how do you network? Share other peoples work Comment on blogs you want to write for Email other freelance writers 🙂 Follow other writers and small businesses 14. You Dont Try Other Ways to Find Clients I know. You are already having a tough time landing ANY work, so its not worth it to try something new. And heck, you may not even know of other ways (or how to use other ways) to land clients. It took me a while to learn about cold pitching and warm pitching, but now that I acquired those skills, its easy for me to find and land work. I also learned how to find clients on social media too! If you cant find work on Upwork, then try freelance writing job boards. If that doesnt pan out, start looking at cold and warm pitching. 15. You Dont Have a Pitching Process Do you feel like your sending pitches with no rhyme or reason? You pick a job board here, you cold pitch a company there, and then wait a bit before you do it again. Its important to have a pitching process that can help streamline your acquisition process. This means having a process when you pitch and knowing when to pitch, where youll pitch and creating a follow-up sequence. 16. Youre Stuck Writing For Pennies I hear ya. Freelance marketplaces or content mills dont value us as writers. They want the most amount of content for the least amount of money. They care less about the content and what you provide overall. Of course, there are exceptions to the rule, but this is what I found. You waste your time trying to find these low-ball offers and then dont have time to really try to land some profitable gigs. Its time to switch that around and find a new way to find jobs. To start getting more higher-paying clients: Create a writer website Become an expert in your niche Search for  freelance writing jobs Learn how to effectively cold pitch and warm pitch 17. Youre Not Taking Any Action Youre probably overwhelmed by this all, right? Suddenly, theres just too much information, and you have analysis paralysis. I so get you. I get sometimes stuck if I read too much of one thing or watch videos of one topic. Its best not to get sucked into reading or watching one more thing. Learn to block all that social noise and focus on whats important: creating a sustaining and profitable freelance writing business so you can make a living from it. Then, take action.   Write a pitch, start a blog, hob knob with influencers, leave blog comments, etc.. Try to do one thing a day to get you closer to landing a client (My 6 day free course is a good start). 18. You Had a Misconception That It Was Easy Some new freelance writers think its easy to land clients. They think if  they have a blog or a degree in creative writing, that clients will come knocking on their door so to speak. This type of freelance writer  will find it extremely hard to land any profitable gig. They will hold out and not be any flexible with their writing or expectations. If you think its easy, change that mindset now. Know that you have to work from the ground up to be profitable. It wont be handed to you that easily. I know it may be hard for some, but the sooner you learn that you have to work hard, the quicker youll be at attracting the right client for you. Wrapping it Up There are many reasons why you may not be landing a freelance writing client or a profitable client. I know at  the beginning of my journey, I made a lot of mistakes. I had to learn from them and it took me longer to where I am today. I hope you find yourself in one of these reasons and use the tips to help you change and start getting a client! Let me know in the comments why you think youre not landing any (or profitable) clients.

The Greedy Triangle Teaches Kids About Geometry

The Greedy Triangle Teaches Kids About Geometry This sample lesson plan uses the book The Greedy Triangle to teach about the attributes of two-dimensional figures. The plan is designed for second-grade and third-grade students, and it requires a 45-minute period for two  days. The only supplies needed are: The book The Greedy Triangle by Marilyn BurnsSeveral sheets of poster paper The objective of this lesson plan is for  students to learn that shapes are defined by their attributes- specifically the number of sides and angles they have.  The key vocabulary words  in this lesson are  triangle,  square,  pentagon,  hexagon, side and  angle. Common Core Standards Met This lesson plan satisfies the following Common Core standards in the Geometry category and Reason With Shapes and Their Attributes sub-category.   2.G.1. Recognize and draw shapes having specified attributes, such as a given number of angles or a given number of equal faces. Identify triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons, and cubes.3.G.1. Understand that shapes in different categories (e.g., rhombuses, rectangles, and others) may share attributes (e.g., having four sides), and that the shared attributes can define a larger category (e.g., quadrilaterals). Recognize rhombuses, rectangles, and squares as examples of quadrilaterals, and draw examples of quadrilaterals that do not belong to any of these subcategories. Lesson Introduction Have students imagine that they are triangles and then ask them several questions. What would be fun? What would be frustrating? If you were a triangle, what would you do and where would you go? Step-by-Step Procedure Create four large pieces of chart paper with the headings â€Å"Triangle,† â€Å"Quadrilateral,† â€Å"Pentagon† and â€Å"Hexagon.† Draw examples of these shapes at the top of the paper, leaving lots of room to record student thoughts.Keep track of student responses in the lesson introduction on the four large pieces of paper. You will continue to add responses to this as you read the story.Read the story The Greedy Triangle to the class. Split the lesson over two days to go through the story gradually.As you read the first section of the book about the Greedy Triangle and how much he likes being a triangle, have students retell sections from the storys include fit into the space near people’s hips and be a piece of pie. Have students list more examples if they can think of any.Continue to read the story and add to the list of student remarks. If you take your time with this book to get lots of student thoughts, you will likely need two days for th e lesson.At the end of the book, discuss with the students why the triangle wanted to be a triangle again. Homework and Evaluation Have students write an answer to this prompt: What shape would you like to be and why? Students should use all of the following vocabulary words to create a sentence: AngleSideShape They should also include two of the following terms: TriangleQuadrilateralPentagonHexagon Example answers include: â€Å"If I were a shape, I would want to be a pentagon because it has more sides and angles than a quadrilateral.† â€Å"A quadrilateral is a shape with four sides and four angles, and a triangle has only three sides and three angles.†

The Black Swan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Black Swan - Essay Example Based on the example given, it is clear that the Internet is one of the encouraging events that have occurred. Conversely, Bp Mexican Gulf oil spill could be termed as a discouraging unforeseen event. Question 2 Yes, it makes sense to allocate resources to prevent a black swan event. Based on what happened to BP, it could be seen that the company would have prevented the disaster by allocating reasonable financial resources for structural expansion. BP’s partner, Anadarko, points out that the company made a poor choice and unreasonable measures by allocating money to the firm but instead management of the company advanced personal issues leaving the company with structural issues. This made the company vulnerable to any disaster. Both BP’s partner Anadarko and American oil industry agreed that BP has been in the forefront to cut the cost of company instead of improving the company technically (Correa n.d). Question 3 Yes, it makes sense to devote resources to contain a black swan event in case it occurs, which this is clear from the Bp oil spill. The spill occurred after installation of pipes with the use of limited centralizers. From the manager’s email, it is clear that the financial allocation was insufficient. If the company had allocated more money for procurement of more centralizers, the oil spill disaster would not have occurred. In addition, the American oil industry and the Bp partner agree with allocation of more resources for risk management. The company tried to cut costs, which is clear from the unjustifiable number of centralizers. The number of centralizers installed was six instead of 21 recommended centralizers by the engineers (Marianne 2010). Furthermore, there is a need for more financial resources for structural strengthening to avoid future catastrophe, the case of Bp Oil Company, it would have averted black swan had it allocated $7 billion to $21 billion for safety measures like procurement of safer head pipes. Quest ion4 Yes, human error is different from a black swan event because it is a decision that individuals make and at the end, it causes a disaster. For example, Bp oil company management decided to use six centralizers instead of the recommended 21 centralizers. This is a human error because someone made an undesirable decision. Conversely, black swan events cannot be the same as a human error because it cannot be predicted using past information or scientific approach. Yes, human error can lead to Black Swan, considering the 2008 financial crisis, it would have been easily prevented if financial experts had taken into consideration the financial mistakes which were already visible in the year 2006 (Marianne 2010). The case of Bp Oil Company, whereby the disaster of oil spill occurred, it is clear that human error leads to black swan, oil spilling and causing huge environmental pollution and making the company to into financial crisis. As pointed out above the use of less number of cent ralizers against the recommended number is human error that leads to black swan. Question 5 As an executive of Bp, my consideration would be redundancies wells. With little amount of money available I will have to invest on the remaining well. The extra well will help incase another disaster occurs. Precautionary measures should also be put into consideration. For example, the company will have to install acoustic shutoff switches to prevent offshore oil spills. In addition, an insurance

Future business needs of reverse logistics Research Paper

Future business needs of reverse logistics - Research Paper Example It is becoming a concern in the modern day supply chain that retailers should try to incorporate reverse logistics into supply transactions and should not treat them as individual or minor cases. The management in lace should also strive to link up the various transactions in the supply chain to be in line with reverse logistics. The statistical control process can be of great help in the shaping the future of reverse logistics. This type of approach emphasizes on the end quality of a particular product. This process emphasizes on efficiency and ensures that the desired end goal is met with minimized waste and increased efficiency. This approach takes two stages: the first stage is the commencing of the process while the second stage is the frequent application of this process. The statistical control process commonly makes use of machine, man, material, and method in the manufacturing process (Dekker et al., 2004).. Since this method of production emphasizes on the quality of production, it puts a keen interest in the initial stages of this production method. This emphasis is to ensure that there is efficiency in the production process rather than correction of mistakes made at a later stage. This process can therefore mint reverse logistics into the initial programme of the supply chain to make the process more efficient and effective. The core tenets that the statistical control method applies are control charts, the stable process, and the excessive variation procedures to obtain the desired results. According to Dyckhoff et al. (2004), the leadership put in place should be in a position to ensure that the process is not only efficient but also put across counter attack procedures. The main aim of leadership in position is to ensure that the return of merchandise is swift, less costly and convenient to both the manufacturers and the customers. The leadership should ensure that there is avoidance of the return of already

Experts Are Not Always Right

Experts Are Not Always Right First and foremost who is an expert. An expert may be defined as someone or is said to be someone widely recognized as a person having special skill or knowledge about a particular thing. An expert in other words is a person with intensive knowledge or idea based on research, experience or occupation in a certain area of study. An expert can be by virtue of education, profession or experience believed to have a special knowledge of a subject more than that of an average person, reliable enough that others may rely upon the individuals way of thinking, believe or judgment. For someone or an individual to be an expert, the person or that particular individual must be professionally or academically qualified for them to be accepted as an expert. The person has to have the technical know-how and a sound knowledge of what his particular field of study is all about. The person must be able to give a very good explanation of questions that are asked which are related to his field. Just like no man is an island of knowledge, so also experts are not always right. No one has entire knowledge of something and because of no one has entire knowledge, nobody is above mistake. If you call a group of people experts, it is because you believe they know much about their field of study, they cannot make any type of mistake and that they can tackle any problem that has to do with it but the truth is no one can know everything in life because nobody is perfect. For example, a medical doctor is considered to be an expert, and because of the believe that he is capable of diagnosing what the problem is if a person is sick, the person is taken to the doctor who examines the patient and gives the aliment a name. He gives the patient antibiotics to take, after some time, if the patient is still not fit; he is given other antibiotics to take. The doctor keeps giving him antibiotics and conducting different tests until he finally figures out what the problem is. But the question he re is, if really a doctor knows everything about his field, why does he have to conduct tests and try different antibiotics? Why doesnt he just give the patient the perfect antibiotics for his aliment? And the answer is because even a doctor is not perfect and therefore, needs to try different things in other to reach a conclusion. Another example is that of an editor, the work of an editor is to make sure a book is fit to be published and sold to the public; he removes what is not supposed to be and puts what is supposed to be in a book. If a book is taken to him, he checks the book and forwards it to another editor, the second editor gives it to another editor which is the third editor and the third editor gives it to the fourth person who is the proof reader and then he proofreads and then finally to the chief editor who finally checks the book. But even after the book has been checked by almost five people, at the end of the day, you still find out you dont have the best work. Why? Because an editor alone cannot check and proof read a book. And also nobody is perfect in life. One thing that is constant in life is change, which also affects the productivity of experts. Change is dynamic, things keep on changing and people learn new things at every point in life. For example an expert who has conducted a research a year ago wont expect to have the same result if he conducts another research on the same thing after a year. Because it might be possible that even at the time of his previous research, one thing or the other has changed and it will keep changing because change is dynamic. An example is that of an engineer who is said to be very creative and an expert in his field, if a car is faulty, he doesnt just figure out what the problem is by mere looking at the car, he has to check the entire engine of the car before knowing what the problem is and how the problem occurred but even after he repairs the car, it doesnt mean the car wont face any more problems in the future, or even if the car faces the same problem in the future, it doesnt mean its the same skill or method he used in repairing the car previously that would be used the next time the problem occurs. Why? Because change is dynamic, everything is bound to change with time and there can be more advanced ways of repairing it. Another factor that affects the productivity of experts is over confidence. Because of the believe people have in experts, how they think experts dont make mistakes and how people think they are all-knowing, they tend to overlook the little necessities in their work. They become careless and make a lot of mistakes. An example of an experts carelessness is an operation carried out by a surgeon. Who is a surgeon A surgeon is an expert in his field which is to operate patients but that doesnt mean his operations are always successful and that he is not bound to make mistakes. Just like in the case of Dr. Nitin Aggarwal and his patient Gurcharan Singh which happened in sat guru Nagar on Sunday. Urologist Dr. Nitin being an expert detected a tumor in his patients urinary bladder which he operated on the 31st march. But then, after the operation, the patient complained of fever and was again showed to the same doctor who diagnosed him with cancer and started chemotherapy. After a month his X-ray was done in a government-run hospital in Dhanaula and the X-ray showed a pair of scissors inside his abdomen. He was then referred to a civil hospital where he was operated again. In this case even though the doctor was an expert in his field, he overlooked the little things he was supposed to pay attention to during the operation and made a great mistake which could have cost the patients life. If someo ne is overconfident or too full of himself, he is bound to be careless and if he is careless then he is bound to make mistakes in life. Experts make a very huge thing out of what they have just to get what they want from you. For example, doctors have different scientific names for a particular disease, when a sick person is taken to a doctor; he examines the patient and gives the aliment a scientific name, if the patient happens to go to another doctor, the doctor will also examine him and give the disease a different name. All this happens because, they also use their personal opinions and people dont question them because they feel they are experts in their own field and that they cannot make any form of mistake. Some experts use their personal opinions in disguise of a well done research and at the end of the day, they fail to provide supporting evidences to back up what they say or write in a book. Conclusively, experts cannot always be right because no man is an island of knowledge so no one can know everything, no one is perfect, and they tend to make mistakes. Over confidence and carelessness also affects their productivity which also leads them to making lots of mistakes. They make a very huge thing out of what they have just to get what they want and change is dynamic which also affects their productivity.

Online Study

Chapters 5 and 6 Study Guide 1. For the Romans, _________ Italy's __________ geography made Rome a natural crossroads and an area easy to defend. P114 2. Rome was established in the first millennium B. C. on the plain of __________ plain of Latium ___________. P114 3. All of the following about the Etruscans are correct expelled many of Rome's patrician class and established a republic in Rome in 509 B. C. p. 114-115 a. | settled north of Rome. | b. | adopted alphabetic language from the Greeks before 600 B. C. | c. | had begun to decline by 480 B. C. | . | â€Å"civilized† Rome by turning it into a true city. | 4. ______________ Rome ____________ set a precedent for treating its vanquished foes after forming the Roman Confederation by offering the most favored â€Å"allied† peoples full Roman citizenship, thus giving them a stake in successful Roman expansion. p. 120 5. _____________ Rome’s ______’s conquest of the Italian peninsula by 264 B. C. can be attributed in part to superb diplomacy. p. 121 6. In defeating the ___________ Greek ____________ city-states in southern Italy, Rome had to fight the soldiers of King Pyrrhus, sent against them by the Greeksp. 20 7. The Roman ____________ Dictator _____________ was a temporary executive during the period of the Republic and exercised unlimited power for a period of usually six months. p. 117 8. Executive authority or ___________ imperium ___________ during the Roman Republic was held by the consuls and praetors. p. 117 9. As Rome expanded, it became Roman policy to govern the provinces with officials known as ______________ proconsuls __________ and propraetors. p. 117 10. The ___________ paterfamilias ________ in Roman society was the male head of the household. p. 118 11.Originally the Roman ________ Senate __________ could only advise the magistrates in legal matters. p. 117 12. In their struggle with the patricians, Roman __________ plebeins ____________employed which of the following tactics: a physical withdrawal from the state undercutting its military manpower and the formation of popular assemblies to lobby for more political reforms. p. 118 13. The _______ twelve _______ Tables was/were the first formal codification of Roman law and customs. p. 118-119 14. The following statements about the Roman armies in the early Republic are correct. . 125 a. | All soldiers were citizens. | b. | Most soldiers were farmers. | c. | Soldiers were enrolled for only a year. | d. | In the fourth century BCE there were four legions, each consisting of 4,000 to 5,000 men. | 15. The _________ Carthaginians __________originated from Phoenician Tyre. p. 121 16. The immediate cause of the First Punic War was Rome sending an army to_______ Sicily ____________. p. 122 17. As a result of the First Punic War the Carthaginians were forced to withdraw from ___________ Sicily _____________ and pay an indemnity to Rome. . 122 18. During the Second Punic War, ____________ Scipio Africanus _______________ expelled the Carthaginians from Spain and later won the decisive Battle of Zama. p. 124 19. The Second Punic War saw Carthage carry a land war to Rome by crossing the _____ Alps ____. p. 123 20. The Roman senator who led the movement for the complete destruction of Carthage was ___ Cato ____. P. 124 21. The result of the _________ Third Punic War ____________ Punic War was the complete destruction and subjugation of Carthage. p. 124 22.It can best be said that __________ Roman _____________ imperial expansion was highly opportunistic, responding to unanticipated military threats and possibilities for glory. p. 124 23. The head of the Roman religious observances was______ the pontifex maximus _______. p. 127 24. In Roman __________ religion ______________, a right relationship with the gods was achieved by accurate performance of rituals and festivals. p. 127 25. Roman religious practices included: a. | a college of priests to carry out rituals correctly. | b. | the adoption of certain Greek gods like Apollo. | p. 27 26. With regards to Roman schooling, education stressed training in __________ Greek _______________ and mastery of rhetoric, or persuasive public speaking. p. 128 27. By the latter Republic, Roman slaves often worked on the Roman _______house hold workers___________. p. 129 28. Roman ________upper________-class women typically had some independent legal rights and property. p. 131 29. In Rome, the male family head, the paterfamilias, couldp. 129 a. | sell his children. | b. | put his children to death. | c. | arrange the marriages of all offspring. | d. | divorce his wife. | 30.The Romans' most noticeable innovations in art and culture were found in __________ architecture _____________ and ____________ engineering ___________. p. 13331. The reforms of Gaius and Tiberius ________________ Gracchus _______________resulted in further instability and violence as they polarized various social groups. p. 13632. The __________ equites ____________were a wealthy and ambitious class of Romans who appeared in the late Republic. p. 135 33. ______________ Sulla ___________'s legacy and importance was that he employed his personal army in political disputes, paving the way toward Roman civil war. . 13734. Among the dangerous military innovations of _______ Marius _______________threatening the Republic, one finds he recruited destitute volunteers who swore an oath of allegiance only to him. p. 13635. Cicero: a. | believed in a â€Å"concord of the orders. â€Å"| b. | was a â€Å"new man† of the equestrian order. | c. | was a great orator and capable lawyer. | d. | advocated a balanced government of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. | p. 13836. Julius ____________ Caesar ______________led military commands in Spain and especially Gaul that enhanced his popularity. p. 13837.The First Triumvirate included____ Caesar____, ___ Crassus____, and___ Pompey____. p. 138 Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey.38. By crossing the___________ Rubicon ____________, Caesar showed that he was willing to disobey the direct orders of the Senate. p. 13939. The Roman Senate under _____________ Augustus ______________was retained as the chief deliberative body of the Roman state. p. 14840. The absolute monarchical powers of Augustus as princeps led to a. | the usual victory of his candidates in official elections. | b. | the decline of popular participation in elections. | c. his great popularity, as he followed proper legal forms for his power. | p. 14941. Augustus held the titles of imperator, ____________imperium____________, tribune, and prineps. p. 148-14942 . The Roman ________ praetorian _______________ guards were elite troops given the task of protecting the emperor. p. 15043. Under the rule of______________ Augustus _____________, the Roman Empire turned towards an absolute monarchy, with the princeps overshadowing the Senate. p. 14844. The event that curtailed _____________ Augustus's ________________’s expansionist policies was the defeat by Varus in the Teutoburg Forest. . 15145. Romanization in Roman empire occurred quickly in the __________West________. P. 158 west46. Among Augustus' most important actions in the area of Roman religion was his creation of an imperial ___________Cult_______________. p. 15247. The city on the Tiber that was Rome's chief port was________ Ostia _______________. p. 15848. Livy was best known in the Augustan Age for his __________ History of Rome ___________ in 142 books. p. 15349. Ovid's ___________ The Art of Love _________________ caused great displeasure to Augustus and led to Ovid's even tual exile. p. 52-15350. The â€Å"golden age† historian ___________ Livy ______________is well known for his perceiving history in terms of sharp moral lessons. p. 15351. The successor to Augustus and first of the Julio-Claudian rulers was_________ Tiberius ____________. p. 15452. The Julio-Claudian emperors varied in ability and effectiveness. p. 15453. During the reigns of the _____________ Julio-Claudian ____________ emperors, Emperors took more and more actual ruling power away from the old Senate. p. 15454. The first of the Flavian emperors was___________ Vespasian _______________. . 15455. The correct order of the five â€Å"good emperors† is _______ Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pious, Marcus Aurelius _____. p. 15556. All of the following occurred during the reigns of the five â€Å"good emperors† a. | being a period of peace for 100 years. | b. | the establishment of educational programs for the poor. | c. | extensive building programs. | d. | being an era of prosperity. | p. 15557. Trade and commerce in the Early Empire stimulated manufacturing, concentrated some industries in certain areas, was secondary in importance to ____ agriculture ___. . 16058. The â€Å"good emperor† Marcus Aurelius was regarded as a philosopher king deeply influenced by the principles of _______ Stoicism _____________. p. 15559. The largest area of Roman innovation in architecture was the use of ___________ concrete ____________on a massive scale. p. 16260. Imperial Rome's _______ gladiatorial ________shows were government-backed spectacles used to content the masses. p. 16461. The two Roman cities that destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A. D. were Pompeii and _______ Herculaneum _________. p. 16662.Among the upper classes of the Early Empire ______ women _____ had considerable freedom and independence. p. 16763. The early values of___________ Christianity ____________, as exemplified in Jesus' â€Å"sermon on the mount,† emphasized devotion to the values of humility, charity, and true brotherly love. p. 17164. Early ___ Christianity ______ was molded into a broader religious movement by Paul of Tarsus. p. 17165. The emperor who said, â€Å"Live in harmony, make the soldiers rich, and don't give a damn for anything else† was____ Septimius Severus ________. p. 16966.The late third century emperor who reconquered and reestablished order in the east and along the Danube and who was known as the â€Å"restorer of the world† was_____ Aurelian ______. p. 16967. The two Roman emperors who notably persecuted the Christian minority were ____ Decius _______ and ____ Diocletian ______. p. 176 NOTE:The correct answers are provided for numbers 3, 14, 25, 29, 35, 40, 52, and 56.Chapters 7, 8 and 9 Study Guide1. The Edict of _________ Milan ________ was Constantine's document officially tolerating the existence of Christianity.P1822. The Council of ________ Nicaea ____________ in 325 defined Christ a s being â€Å"of the same substance† as God. P1833. The heresy of Arianism questioned the divinity of ______ Jesus _______. P1834. In the late fourth century, the Visigoths and other Germanic tribes, were pushed into the Balkans region of the Eastern Roman Empire because of pressure from the _______ Huns ______. P1845. ________ Theodoric ________, the Ostrogothic king who took control of Italy, was determined to maintain Roman customs and practices in Italy. P1886.After the death of _______ theodoric ________, the Ostrogothic kingdom was defeated by the Byzantines, reducing Rome as a center of Mediterranean culture. P1887. The Frankish palace official, Charles Martel, successfully defended the civilization of the new western European kingdoms in 732 by defeating Muslim armies in 732 and driving them back to Spain. P1898. Guilt under Germanic customary law was determined by compurgation and ordeal. P1909. Frankish marriage customs placed strong sanctions (sometimes death) on a dulterous _________ women _________. P19110. The pope who supposedly caused Attila and the Huns to turn away from Rome was ___Leo 1_______. P19411. The Petrine Doctrine was the belief that the bishops of Rome held a preeminent position in the church. P19312. Augustine did all of the following:P192-193 a. | write Confessions. | b. | use pagan culture in the service of Christianity. | c. | advocate marriage for the procreation of children as a good alternative for Christians incapable of upholding the ideal of celibacy as a means to holiness. | d. | author The City of God. |13. Augustine's Confessions was written as an account of his own miraculous personal conversion. P19214. Saint Jerome, is known for all of the following:P193 a. | his mastery of Latin prose. | b. | his skills as a linguist. | c. | his translations of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin. | d. | becoming one of the Latin Fathers of the Church. |15. The father of hermit monasticism was ______ S t. Anthony ____________. P19516. The basic rule for western monastic living was developed by ___ benedict __________. P19517. Benedictine monasticism is characterized by:P196 a. | an ideal of moderation. | b. | the communal life. | c. isolated, self-sustaining communities. | d. | vows and rules. |18. The â€Å"Apostle to the Germans† and the most famous churchman in Europe in the eighth century was ______ Boniface __________. P19819. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent the monk, Augustine, to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons. P19720. Pope Gregory the Great was responsible for all of the following:P194 a. | creating the Papal States. | b. | recognizing the Byzantine emperor as the rightful ruler of Italy. | c. | supporting the work of Christian missionaries in England. | d. | becoming Bishop of Rome. |21.The primary instrument of Pope Gregory for converting the Germanic peoples of Europe was____ monastic movement ________. P19522. The greatest difference between Irish Chris tianity and Roman Christianity was in Irish church organization, giving Irish abbots more power than bishops. P19723. One of the greatest nuns of the seventh monastery, and founder of the Whitby monastery was ___ St. Hilda _________. P19824. The great Christian scholar of late antiquity, ________ Cassiodorus ______________, divided the seven liberal arts into the trivium and quadrivium. According to Cassiodorus, the trivium includes grammar, hetoric, and dialectic or logic. P20025. Justinian's military conquests under the general, Belisarius, were __ Vandal Kingdom in North Africa _and Italian peninsula occupying sicily________________________. P20126. Justinian's most important contribution to Western civilization was his_____ codification of the law ______. P20227. The Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) compiled under Justinian was the last Byzantine contribution to the west to be written in Latin. P20228. The woman whose support put down the Nika Revolt against Justinian's rule in 532 was_________ Theodora _____. P20329.The following are great buildings in the city of Constantinople:P204 a. | Hagia Sophia| b. | Hippodrome| c. | Royal Palace| d. | b and d|30. During the period of the Roman Empire, the Arabian Peninsula was dominated by the ____ bedouin nomads ______. P20631. The cardinal principle of the Islamic faith is that there is only God and his prophet is ________ Muhammad ___________. P20732. Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 is known as the _______ Hegira ______. P20733. The following are similarities between Christianity and Islam:P207 a. | Each of the faiths had a holy book. | b. | Both religions were monotheistic. c. | Both religions had as part of their scriptures divine revelation. | d. | Both religions envisioned heaven or paradise for believers.34. The successors to Muhammad's leadership of the Muslims were known as______ caliphs ______. P20835. Muslim societies abide by a strict code of law, much of it derived from the holy book Qur'an, and regulating all aspects of Muslim life. This law code is called ______ Shari'a. ____. P207-20836. The Muslim dynasty that assumed power after the assassination of Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, and moved the capital to Damascus was the ______ Umayyad __________.P 20937. In the Early Middle Ages, the cultivation of new land was hard because the forests of Europe were so thick and crude tools of the era made land clearing arduous. P21438. In the early Middle Ages, Germanic tribes newly converted to Christianity still held pagan beliefs such as trees were sacred beings and could not be cut down. P21439. The first Frankish king to be anointed in holy ceremony by an agent of the pope was _____ Pepin _______. P21440. Charlemagne's most disappointing military campaign came against the _______ Basques __________. P21541.The coronation of ___________ Charlemagne _____________ in 800 as emperor of the Romans symbolized the fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultures. P2184 2. Regarding sexuality, the Catholic Church in the Early Middle Ages could not enforce clerical celibacy. P22043. Socially and culturally, the church's advocacy of indissoluble marriage resulted in the development of the nuclear family at the expense of the extended family. P22044. Medicine in the Early Middle Ages and medicine in earlier pagan times used __medicines and natural practices with appeals for other-worldly help, magical rites and influences were used_______.P22345. Carolingian society was marked by all of the following:P222 a. | the use of bleeding to cure illness. | b. | different patterns of consumption of foodstuffs among rich and poor. | c. | the vices of gluttony and drunkenness. | d. | considerable violence. |46. What was the name of the treaty that divided the Carolingian Empire in 843? P224_______________ treaty of Verdun___________47. The division of Europe into three kingdoms after the death of Louis the Pious led to an incessant struggle between Louis the Ger man, Charles the Bald, and their heirs over disputed territories. P22448.The following statements are true of the Vikings:P226-227 a. | Their iron weapons and superior shipbuilding were largely responsible for their successful raids. | b. | Their raids and settlements aided the growth of fief-holding. | c. | Christianity assimilated them into European civilization. | d. | They came from Scandinavia. |49. One of the most famous Vikings, who discovered Greenland, was ___ Erik the Red. ____. P22850. In Western Europe, the chief political repercussion of frequent Viking raids was an increase in the power of local aristocrats to whom threatened populations turned for effective protection.P22851. Feudalism of medieval Europe was primarily a complex system of vassalage by which the weak sought protection and sustenance from powerful local nobles. P22852. The â€Å"hierarchical† fief-holding system in which vassals in turn had vassals owing them services was known as _____ subinfeuda tion ______. P22953. The major obligation of the lord to the _____ vassal ____ was economic support and protection either militarily or through grants of land. P22954. Under _____ feudalism _______of the Early Middle Ages the major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to provide military service. P22955. The ____ Slavs _________ were originally a single people in central Europe. P23656. The Swedish Vikings-the Varangians-became known or assimilated with which of the following groups: ________ Russians ___________. P23757. The ruthless Russian leader responsible for tying Russian political and religious ideals to the Byzantine Empire was _______ Vladimir 1 _______. P23758. The Islamic city in Spain that served as the Umayyad capital was _______ Cordoba ____. P23959. The capital city of the Umayyad Caliphate and center of an Islamic empire was ____ Damascus ______. P23760. The major socio-political change associated with the _______ Abbasid _____ Caliphate is promotion of judges, me rchants, and government officials over warriors as ideal citizens. P23861. The Abbasids broke down the distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims. P23762. One consequence of the new agriculture of the Early Middle Ages was the destruction of the ______farmland__________. P24463. The â€Å"agricultural revolution† of the High Middle Ages was in part brought about by a change from the two-field to the three-field system. P24664. New technological developments in agriculture improving productivity of foodstuffs included all of the following: a. | iron hoes. | b. | the use of horse shoes. | c. | the heavy-wheeled, iron-tipped plow (carruca). | d. | watermills and windmills. P245-246|65. List sources of power by medieval farmers? ____ horses, water, windmills and oxen _____________________________________________________________. P245-24666. The peasant's life during the Middle Ages was largely determined by ________ the seasons. _______. P24667. The basic staple of the peasan t diet was ____ bread _________. P24668. The village church was led by local priests who were often barely literate. P24769. The high number of fights and accidents described in medieval court records may plausibly be attributed to the high consumption of ________Alcohol____________. P24770. Male ___ nobles _ of the High Middle Ages were almost solely preoccupied with warfare. P24771. In medieval thought, women were considered by nature subservient and lesser beings than __ men ___. P24972. The main part of the medieval castle was called the _____ moat ________. P24873.The knightly code of ethics known as chivalry included all of the following requirements:P250 a. | knights were to fight to defend the church. | b. | knights were to protect the weak and defenseless. | c. | winning glory should be the knight's highest aim and motivating force. | d. | knights should fight for their overlords. |74. Combative tournaments involving knights were considered excellent and necessary training for warfare. P25075. Marriages among the aristocracy of the High Middle Ages were expected to establish political alliances between families and increase their wealth. P25076.By the twelfth century, _______ divorce _________ among nobles was not possible except through official recognition that a marriage had never been valid. P25177. The term â€Å"burg† or â€Å"borough† referred to a ______fortress_________. P25478. To protect their interests against nobles, townspeople often formed _______Commune________. P25579. A major motive contributing to the revolutionary political behavior of European townspeople was their great need for unfettered mobility to conduct trade efficiently. P25580. On the whole, medieval cities tended to be relatively undemocratic; the wealthy usually ruled and voted in civic elections. P25581. Medieval cities had skylines dominated by the towers of churches, castles, and town halls. P255-25782. A major cause of pollution in medieval cities was the smell and waste of animals and humans. P257-25883. The guild system of medieval European cities did all of the following:P259 a. | enforce standards and methods of production for various articles. | b. | fix prices at which finished goods could be sold. | c. | set the numbers of people who could enter key trades and the procedures by which they could do so. | d. | maintain monopolies of production and sales. |84.Drinking water in the cities of the Middle Ages usually came from ____ wells ___. P25985. The first university to be founded in Europe appeared in ___ Bologna ________. P26086. The first university in northern Europe was ______ University of Paris_____________________. P26087. Due to its many cathedral schools, the intellectual center of Europe by the twelfth century was _ France __. P26088. Students in medieval universities often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with townspeople. P261-26289. Concerning the curriculum of the medieval university students studied the trivium and quadrivium. P260-26190. The renaissance of the twelfth century was primarily caused by circulation in the west in Latin translation of many ancient philosophical and scientific works previously saved by ____ Muslim ____ scholars. P262-26391. The renaissance of the twelfth century saw all of the following:P262-263 a. | Muslim scientific discoveries made available to the west. | b. | scholarly receptiveness to the works of Jewish thinkers. | c. | a great influx of Aristotle's writings previously available only to Arab scholars. | d. | Islamic Spain being a conduit of scholarly works from ancient Greece and from the Muslim world. |92. The primary preoccupation of ___ Scholasticism ______ was the reconciliation of faith with reason. P26393. The medieval theological debate between the scholastic realists and nominalists centered around the problem of universals and the nature of reality. P26394. The Summa Theologica of Thomas ___ Aquinas _______ raised qu estions concerning theology and solved them by the dialectical method. P264-26595. The Song of __Roland______ is one of the finest examples of the medieval chanson de geste. P26596. The dominant style of the church architecture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was ___ romanesque ______. P26697. The following are characteristics of Romanesque architecture:P266-267 a. | churches in this style were built in rectangular shape| b. | massive pillars and walls were required for support| c. | heavy barrel vaults with rounded stone roofs replaced flat wooden roofs| d. | few windows. |98. Gothic cathedrals seem to soar upward as light and airy constructions due to all of the following innovations: a. | ribbed vaults. | b. | flying buttresses. | c. | thin walls pierced by huge stained glass windows. | d. | pointed arches. P267|99. The Gothic style of architecture emerged and was perfected in ___ France _____. P268